Posts Tagged ‘server security’

Disable Bluetooth on CentOS / RHEL (Redhat) / Fedora Linux servers – Disable hidd bluetooth devices

Thursday, January 29th, 2015

Disable_Bluetooth_on_CentOS_RHEL_Redhat_Fedora_Linux_servers_-_Disable_hidd_bluetooth_devices-logo

Bluetooth protocol on Linux is nice to have (supported) on Linux Desktop systems to allow easy communication wth PDAs, Tablets, Mobiles, Digital Cameras etc, However many newly purchased dedicated servers comes with Bluetooth support enabled which is a service rarely used, thus it is a good strong server security / sysadmin practice to remove the service supporting Blueetooth (Input Devices) on Linux hosts this is the hidd (daemon) service, besides that there are few Linux kernel modules to enable bluetooth support and removing it is also a very recommended practice while configuring new Production servers. 

Leaving Blueetooth enabled on Linux just takes up memory space and  potentially is a exposing server to possible security risk (might be hacked) remotely. 
Thus eearlier I've blogged on how bluetooth is disabled on Debian / Ubuntu Linux servers an optimization tuning (check) I do on every new server I have to configure, since administrating both RPM and Deb Linux distributions I usually also remove bluetooth hidd service support on every CentOS / RHEL / Fedora Linux – redhat  (where it is installed), here is how :

 

1. Disable Bluetooth in CentOS / RHEL Linux


a) First check whether hidd service is running on server:
 

[root@centos ~]# ps aux |grep -i hid
… 


b) Disable bluetooth services
 

[root@centos ~]# /etc/init.d/hidd stop
[root@centos ~]# chkconfig hidd off
[root@centos ~]# chkconfig bluetooth off
[root@centos ~]# /etc/init.d/bluetooth off


c) Disable any left Bluetooth kernel module (drivers), not to load on next server boot
 

[root@centos ~]# echo 'alias net-pf-31 off' >> /etc/modprobe.conf


If you don't need or intend to use in future server USBs it is also a good idea to disable USBs as well:
 

[root@centos ~]# lsmod|grep -i hid
usbhid                 33292  0
hid                    63257  1 usbhid
usbcore               123122  4 usb_storage,usbhid,ehci_hcd


[root@centos ~]# echo 'usbhid' >> /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf
[root@centos ~]# echo 'hid' >> /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf
[root@centos ~]# echo 'usbcore' >> /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf

 

2. Disable Bluetooth on Fedora Linux

Execute following:
 

[hipo@fedora ~]# /usr/bin/sudo systemctl stop bluetooth.service
[hipo@fedora ~]# /usr/bin/sudo systemctl disable bluetooth.service

 
3. Disable Bluetooth on Gentoo / Slackware and other Linuces

An alternative way to disable bluetooth that should work across all Linux distributions / versions is:
 

[root@fedora ~]# su -c 'yum install rfkill'
[root@fedora ~]# su -c 'vi /etc/rc.d/rc.local'


Place inside, something like (be careful not to overwrite something, already execution on boot):
 

#!/bin/sh
rfkill block bluetooth
exit 0


4. Disable any other unnecessery loaded service on boot time

It is a good idea to also a good idea to check out your server running daemons, as thoroughfully as possible and remove any other daemons / kernel modules not being used by server.

To disable all unrequired services, It is useful to get a list of all enabled services, on RedHat based server issue:

 

[root@cento ~]#  chkconfig –list |grep "3:on" |awk '{print $1}'


 A common list of services you might want to disable if you're configuring (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP = LAMP) like server is:
 

chkconfig anacron off
chkconfig apmd off
chkconfig atd off
chkconfig autofs off
chkconfig cpuspeed off
chkconfig cups off
chkconfig cups-config-daemon off
chkconfig gpm off
chkconfig isdn off
chkconfig netfs off
chkconfig nfslock off
chkconfig openibd off
chkconfig pcmcia off
chkconfig portmap off
chkconfig rawdevices off
chkconfig readahead_early off
chkconfig rpcgssd off
chkconfig rpcidmapd off
chkconfig smartd off
chkconfig xfs off
chkconfig ip6tables off
chkconfig avahi-daemon off
chkconfig firstboot off
chkconfig yum-updatesd off
chkconfig mcstrans off
chkconfig pcscd off
chkconfig bluetooth off
chkconfig hidd off


In most cases you can just run script like this – centos-disable_non-required_essential_services_for_lamp_server.sh.
 

Another useful check the amount of services each of the running server daemons is using, here is how:
 

ps aux | awk '{print $4"t"$11}' | sort | uniq -c | awk '{print $2" "$1" "$3}' | sort -nr


Output of memory consumption check command is here

Secure Apache webserver against basic Denial of Service attacks with mod_evasive on Debian Linux

Wednesday, September 7th, 2011

Secure Apache against basic Denial of Service attacks with mod evasive, how webserver DDoS works

One good module that helps in mitigating, very basic Denial of Service attacks against Apache 1.3.x 2.0.x and 2.2.x webserver is mod_evasive

I’ve noticed however many Apache administrators out there does forget to install it on new Apache installations or even some of them haven’t heard about of it.
Therefore I wrote this small article to create some more awareness of the existence of the anti DoS module and hopefully thorugh it help some of my readers to strengthen their server security.

Here is a description on what exactly mod-evasive module does:

debian:~# apt-cache show libapache2-mod-evasive | grep -i description -A 7

Description: evasive module to minimize HTTP DoS or brute force attacks
mod_evasive is an evasive maneuvers module for Apache to provide some
protection in the event of an HTTP DoS or DDoS attack or brute force attack.
.
It is also designed to be a detection tool, and can be easily configured to
talk to ipchains, firewalls, routers, and etcetera.
.
This module only works on Apache 2.x servers

How does mod-evasive anti DoS module works?

Detection is performed by creating an internal dynamic hash table of IP Addresses and URIs, and denying any single IP address which matches the criterias:

  • Requesting the same page more than number of times per second
  • Making more than N (number) of concurrent requests on the same child per second
  • Making requests to Apache during the IP is temporarily blacklisted (in a blocking list – IP blacklist is removed after a time period))

These anti DDoS and DoS attack protection decreases the possibility that Apache gets DoSed by ana amateur DoS attack, however it still opens doors for attacks who has a large bot-nets of zoombie hosts (let’s say 10000) which will simultaneously request a page from the Apache server. The result in a scenario with a infected botnet running a DoS tool in most of the cases will be a quick exhaustion of system resources available (bandwidth, server memory and processor consumption).
Thus mod-evasive just grants a DoS and DDoS security only on a basic, level where someone tries to DoS a webserver with only possessing access to few hosts.
mod-evasive however in many cases mesaure to protect against DoS and does a great job if combined with Apache mod-security module discussed in one of my previous blog posts – Tightening PHP Security on Debian with Apache 2.2 with ModSecurity2
1. Install mod-evasive

Installing mod-evasive on Debian Lenny, Squeeze and even Wheezy is done in identical way straight using apt-get:

deiban:~# apt-get install libapache2-mod-evasive
...

2. Enable mod-evasive in Apache

debian:~# ln -sf /etc/apache2/mods-available/mod-evasive.load /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/mod-evasive.load

3. Configure the way mod-evasive deals with potential DoS attacks

Open /etc/apache2/apache2.conf, go down to the end of the file and paste inside, below three mod-evasive configuration directives:

<IfModule mod_evasive20.c>
DOSHashTableSize 3097DOS
PageCount 30
DOSSiteCount 40
DOSPageInterval 2
DOSSiteInterval 1
DOSBlockingPeriod 120
#DOSEmailNotify hipo@mymailserver.com
</IfModule>

In case of the above configuration criterias are matched, mod-evasive instructs Apache to return a 403 (Forbidden by default) error page which will conserve bandwidth and system resources in case of DoS attack attempt, especially if the DoS attack targets multiple requests to let’s say a large downloadable file or a PHP,Perl,Python script which does a lot of computation and thus consumes large portion of server CPU time.

The meaning of the above three mod-evasive config vars are as follows:

DOSHashTableSize 3097 – Increasing the DoSHashTableSize will increase performance of mod-evasive but will consume more server memory, on a busy webserver this value however should be increased
DOSPageCount 30 – Add IP in evasive temporary blacklist if a request for any IP that hits the same page 30 consequential times.
DOSSiteCount 40 – Add IP to be be blacklisted if 40 requests are made to a one and the same URL location in 1 second time
DOSBlockingPeriod 120 – Instructs the time in seconds for which an IP will get blacklisted (e.g. will get returned the 403 foribden page), this settings instructs mod-evasive to block every intruder which matches DOSPageCount 30 or DOSSiteCount 40 for 2 minutes time.
DOSPageInterval 2 – Interval of 2 seconds for which DOSPageCount can be reached.
DOSSiteInterval 1 – Interval of 1 second in which if DOSSiteCount of 40 is matched the matched IP will be blacklisted for configured period of time.

mod-evasive also supports IP whitelisting with its option DOSWhitelist , handy in cases if for example, you should allow access to a single webpage from office env consisting of hundred computers behind a NAT.
Another handy configuration option is the module capability to notify, if a DoS is originating from a number of IP addresses using the option DOSEmailNotify
Using the DOSSystemCommand in relation with iptables, could be configured to filter out any IP addresses which are found to be matching the configured mod-evasive rules.
The module also supports custom logging, if you want to keep track on IPs which are found to be trying a DoS attack against the server place in above shown configuration DOSLogDir “/var/log/apache2/evasive” and create the /var/log/apache2/evasive directory, with:
debian:~# mkdir /var/log/apache2/evasive

I decided not to log mod-evasive DoS IP matches as this will just add some extra load on the server, however in debugging some mistakenly blacklisted IPs logging is sure a must.

4. Restart Apache to load up mod-evasive debian:~# /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
...

Finally a very good reading which sheds more light on how exactly mod-evasive works and some extra module configuration options are located in the documentation bundled with the deb package to read it, issue:

debian:~# zless /usr/share/doc/libapache2-mod-evasive/README.gz

Linux PHP Disable chmod() and chown() functions for better Apache server security

Monday, July 15th, 2013

php_tighten_security_by_enabling_safe_mode-php-ini-function-prevent-crackers-break-in-your-server
I have to administer few inherited Linux servers with Ubuntu and Debian Linux. The servers hosts mainly websites with regularly un-updated Joomlas and some custom developed websites which were developed pretty unsecure. To mitigate hacked websites I already disabled some of most insecure functions like system(); eval etc. – I followed literally my previous tutorial PHP Webhosting security disable exec();, system();, open(); and eval();
Still in logs I see shits like:
 

[error] [client 66.249.72.100] PHP Warning:  mkdir(): No such file or directory in /var/www/site/plugins/system/jfdatabase/intercept.jdatabasemysql.php on line 161

Hence to prevent PHP mkdir(); and chown(); functiosn being active, I had to turn on in /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini – safe_mode . For some reason whoever configured Apache leave it off.

safe_mode = on

Hopefully by disabling this functions will keep cracker bot scripts to not create some weird directory structures on HDD or use it as mean to DoS overflow servers filesystem.

Hope this help others stabilize their servers too. Enjoy ! 🙂

Checking port security on Linux with Nmap – Just another Nmap examples tutorial

Sunday, June 9th, 2013

Scanning with nmap checking computer network security Linux FreeBSD Windows Nmap logo
Nmap
(Network Mapper) is one of the most essential tools for checking server security. As a penetration testing instrument it is both used by SysAdmins / Crackers and Security Specialists. Its perfect too to make periodic port audits and determine how good is configured server firewall or even in time of building one. Often with time Firewall rules grow bigger and bigger and as a consequence there is a risk of loopholes in FW rules, nmap routine host checks (i.e. run as a cronjob and logging port status on server is IMHO a good preventive measure).

I first get introduced to Nmap in the early days of my careers as IT Geek and System Administrator around year 2000. Back then Computer Security and hacking culture was a common thing across IT geeks and ppl hanging in IRC 😉 This article will not say much of news for those accustomed to Nmap, but hope interesting for people newly introduced to Computer Security it will be of use.


1. Checking host status with Nmap (Is remote scanned host up).

There is plenty of ways to check, whether remote host is reachable, ping is classics, but not always relevant as many network admins decide to filter ping for security reasons. Of course one can do manual try outs with telnet on common Services Ports (Apache, Mail, Squid, MySQL etc. / 80,25,8080, 3306), or even write on own prog to do so but its worthless as Nmap is already there with options for this and its report in about 90% of cases is relevant:

To check whether host is up with Nmap:

pcfreak:~# nmap -sP google.com

Starting Nmap 6.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2013-06-08 11:58 EEST
Nmap scan report for google.com (173.194.39.227)
Host is up (0.013s latency).
Other addresses for google.com (not scanned): 173.194.39.238 173.194.39.231 173.194.39.226 173.194.39.232 173.194.39.230 173.194.39.233 173.194.39.228 173.194.39.225 173.194.39.229 173.194.39.224
rDNS record for 173.194.39.227: sof01s02-in-f3.1e100.net
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.74 seconds

2. Port map with Quick remote host (connect) scan

Most classical way of scanning, since the early days of computing is to  attempt connecting to remote host ports opening connection via creating new TCP or UDP protocol socket with C's connect(); function. Hence nmap's "default" way of scanning is like so. Anyways it doesn't scan all possible 65534 ports, when run with no extra arguments, but instead scans only those more popular widespread used.

noah:~# nmap -sT www.pc-freak.net

 

Starting Nmap 5.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2013-06-08 15:05 EEST
Stats: 0:00:01 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 2.00% done; ETC: 15:07 (0:01:38 remaining)
Stats: 0:00:02 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 24.40% done; ETC: 15:05 (0:00:09 remaining)
Stats: 0:00:03 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 77.25% done; ETC: 15:05 (0:00:01 remaining)
Interesting ports on www.pc-freak.net (83.228.93.76):
Not shown: 985 filtered ports
PORT     STATE  SERVICE
20/tcp   closed ftp-data
21/tcp   open   ftp
22/tcp   open   ssh
25/tcp   open   smtp
53/tcp   open   domain
80/tcp   open   http
110/tcp  open   pop3
143/tcp  open   imap
443/tcp  closed https
465/tcp  open   smtps
631/tcp  closed ipp
993/tcp  open   imaps
995/tcp  closed pop3s
8022/tcp open   unknown
9001/tcp open   tor-orport

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 4.69 seconds
 

During scan, pressing Enter, prints on screen statistics on how many percentage of scan is completed. In older Nmap, releases this was not so, it is very convenient stuff, as some host scans (with specific firewalls), can have anti port scan rules making the scan time ultra luggish. If this is the case nmap can be run in different scan mode, I'm gonna say few words on that later.

3. Nmap – Scanning only selected ports of interest and  port range

a) Scanning only desired ports
Whether scanning a complete range of IPs from C or B class network, it is handy to only scan only ports of interests for example (Apache, SMTP, POP3, IMAP etc.).
Here is how to scan those 4;

noah:~# nmap -sT www.pc-freak.net -p 80,25,110,143

 

Starting Nmap 6.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2013-06-08 15:49 EEST
Stats: 0:00:00 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (0 up), 1 undergoing Ping Scan
Ping Scan Timing: About 100.00% done; ETC: 15:49 (0:00:00 remaining)
Stats: 0:00:00 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 100.00% done; ETC: 15:49 (0:00:00 remaining)
Nmap scan report for www.pc-freak.net (83.228.93.76)
Host is up (0.20s latency).
PORT    STATE SERVICE
25/tcp  open  smtp
80/tcp  open  http
110/tcp open  pop3
143/tcp open  imap

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 1.00 seconds

List of all common network services with port number is located in /etc/services

b) Scanning a port range

By default nmap does not scan all the ports in the low ports range 1-1024. This port range according to RFC standards are reserved for standard more often and high priority network services. Default's nmap scan does not scan all of the 1-1024 ports and sometimes, some people prefer to run services in non-standard port numbers on some obscure ports in those port range. It is common that some "hacked (cracked is proper word here)", have secretly install Connect Shell or Connect back shell services running in those port range. Thus scanning those port range on administrated servers (especially whether there is suspicion for intrusion).

noah:~# nmap -sT www.pc-freak.net -p 1-1024

 

 

Starting Nmap 5.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2013-06-08 15:47 EEST
Stats: 0:00:04 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 77.44% done; ETC: 15:47 (0:00:01 remaining)
Stats: 0:00:04 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 84.86% done; ETC: 15:47 (0:00:01 remaining)
Interesting ports on www.pc-freak.net (83.228.93.76):
Not shown: 1011 filtered ports
PORT    STATE  SERVICE
20/tcp  closed ftp-data
21/tcp  open   ftp
22/tcp  open   ssh
25/tcp  open   smtp
53/tcp  open   domain
80/tcp  open   http
110/tcp open   pop3
143/tcp open   imap
443/tcp closed https
465/tcp open   smtps
631/tcp closed ipp
993/tcp open   imaps
995/tcp closed pop3s

4. Scanning all possible ports to make complete node port audit

As I said prior, if no extra port arguments nmap scans only number of pre-selected high use ports. However it is always nice to run complete port scan. Doing complete port scan on host, can reveal unusual open ports for cracker backdoors or ports or whether on Windows (ports open by Viruses and Trojans). As the complete number of possible remote ports to attempt to connect to is (65536), such a scan is much slower and sometimes can take literally "ages". To scan all ports on my home router in a local 100 M/Bit network with my notebook it takes about 23 minutes. On remote hosts it can take from 30 / 40 minutes to many hours – depending on firewall type on remote scanned host. Also by scanning all ports, there is risk remote host add you to its FW reject rules, whether its running some kind of automated software for Intrusion Detection (IDS) like Snort or AIDE.
To run complete port scan with nmap;

noah:~# nmap -sT www.pc-freak.net -p 0-65535
 

Starting Nmap 6.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2013-06-08 22:28 EEST
Stats: 0:00:01 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 0.03% done
Stats: 0:00:01 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 0.05% done
Stats: 0:06:35 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 31.23% done; ETC: 22:50 (0:14:28 remaining)
Stats: 0:06:35 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 31.24% done; ETC: 22:50 (0:14:27 remaining)
Stats: 0:08:21 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 37.41% done; ETC: 22:51 (0:13:57 remaining)
Stats: 0:08:21 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 37.43% done; ETC: 22:51 (0:13:56 remaining)
Stats: 0:08:21 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 37.46% done; ETC: 22:51 (0:13:56 remaining)
Stats: 0:08:22 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 37.50% done; ETC: 22:51 (0:13:55 remaining)
Stats: 0:08:22 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 37.53% done; ETC: 22:51 (0:13:56 remaining)
Stats: 0:08:28 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 37.96% done; ETC: 22:51 (0:13:50 remaining)
Stats: 0:11:55 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 53.22% done; ETC: 22:51 (0:10:28 remaining)
Nmap scan report for www.pc-freak.net (83.228.93.76)
Host is up (0.0023s latency).
Not shown: 65518 filtered ports
PORT     STATE  SERVICE
20/tcp   closed ftp-data
21/tcp   open   ftp
22/tcp   open   ssh
25/tcp   open   smtp
53/tcp   open   domain
80/tcp   open   http
110/tcp  open   pop3
143/tcp  open   imap
443/tcp  closed https
465/tcp  open   smtps
631/tcp  closed ipp
993/tcp  open   imaps
995/tcp  closed pop3s
2060/tcp open   unknown
2070/tcp open   ah-esp-encap
2207/tcp closed unknown
8022/tcp open   oa-system
9001/tcp open   tor-orport

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 1367.73 seconds

5. Scanning a network range of IPs with NMAP

It is common thing to scan a network range in C class network, especially as usually we admins have to administrate a number of hosts running in a local network:

 

noah:~# nmap -sP '192.168.0.*'

Starting Nmap 6.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2013-06-08 22:29 EEST
Stats: 0:00:01 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (0 up), 256 undergoing Ping Scan
Ping Scan Timing: About 0.98% done
Stats: 0:00:09 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (0 up), 256 undergoing Ping Scan
Parallel DNS resolution of 256 hosts. Timing: About 0.00% done
Nmap scan report for 192.168.0.16
Host is up (0.00029s latency).
Nmap done: 256 IP addresses (1 host up) scanned in 9.87 seconds

You can also scan class C network with:

>noah:~# nmap -sP 192.168.1.0/24

6. Obtaining network services version numbers

Nmap is capable digging version numbers of remote running application binding to port:. Option to try to guess obtain version number is -sV (Show Version).

noah:~# nmap -sV www.pc-freak.net

Starting Nmap 6.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2013-06-08 22:35 EEST
Stats: 0:00:05 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Service scan Timing: About 90.91% done; ETC: 22:37 (0:00:09 remaining)
Nmap scan report for www.pc-freak.net (83.228.93.76)
Host is up (0.0083s latency).
Not shown: 985 filtered ports
PORT     STATE  SERVICE         VERSION
20/tcp   closed ftp-data
21/tcp   open   ftp             ProFTPD 1.3.3a
22/tcp   open   ssh             OpenSSH 5.5p1 Debian 6+squeeze3 (protocol 2.0)
25/tcp   open   smtp            qmail smtpd
53/tcp   open   domain?
80/tcp   open   http            Apache httpd
110/tcp  open   pop3            qmail pop3d
143/tcp  open   imap            Courier Imapd (released 2005)
443/tcp  closed https
465/tcp  open   ssl/smtp        qmail smtpd
631/tcp  closed ipp
993/tcp  open   tcpwrapped
995/tcp  closed pop3s
8022/tcp open   http            ShellInABox httpd
9001/tcp open   ssl/tor-orport?
Service Info: Host: mail.www.pc-freak.net; OSs: Unix, Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:kernel

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 126.37 seconds

 

7. Checking remote server OS version

 noah:~# nmap -O www.pc-freak.net

 

Starting Nmap 6.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2013-06-08 22:42 EEST
Nmap scan report for www.pc-freak.net (83.228.93.76)
Host is up (0.0017s latency).
Not shown: 985 filtered ports
PORT     STATE  SERVICE
20/tcp   closed ftp-data
21/tcp   open   ftp
22/tcp   open   ssh
25/tcp   open   smtp
53/tcp   open   domain
80/tcp   open   http
110/tcp  open   pop3
143/tcp  open   imap
443/tcp  closed https
465/tcp  open   smtps
631/tcp  closed ipp
993/tcp  open   imaps
995/tcp  closed pop3s
8022/tcp open   oa-system
9001/tcp open   tor-orport
Device type: general purpose|broadband router|WAP|media device
Running (JUST GUESSING): Linux 2.6.X|2.4.X|3.X (94%), Gemtek embedded (89%), Siemens embedded (89%), Netgear embedded (88%), Western Digital embedded (88%), Comtrend embedded (88%)
OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:kernel:2.6 cpe:/o:linux:kernel:2.4.20 cpe:/o:linux:kernel:3 cpe:/o:linux:kernel:2.4
Aggressive OS guesses: Linux 2.6.32 – 2.6.35 (94%), Vyatta 4.1.4 (Linux 2.6.24) (94%), Linux 2.6.32 (93%), Linux 2.6.17 – 2.6.36 (93%), Linux 2.6.19 – 2.6.35 (93%), Linux 2.6.30 (92%), Linux 2.6.35 (92%), Linux 2.4.20 (Red Hat 7.2) (92%), Linux 2.6.22 (91%), Gemtek P360 WAP or Siemens Gigaset SE515dsl wireless broadband router (89%)
No exact OS matches for host (test conditions non-ideal).

OS detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 8.76 seconds

As you can see from above output OS version guess is far from adequate, as my home router is running a Debian Squeeze. However in some older Linux releases, where services return OS version nr., it reports proper.

8. Scanning silently with Nmap SYN (Stealth Scan)

As many servers run some kind of IDS logging attempts to connect to multiple ports on the host and add scanning IP to filtering CHAIN. It is generally good idea to always scan with SYN Scan. SYN scan is not a guarantee that scanning attempt will not be captured by well configured IDS, or admin snorting on network with tcpdump,trafshow or iptraf. Stealth scan is useful to prevent IDS from raising red lamps.

noah:~# nmap -sS www.pc-freak.net

Starting Nmap 6.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2013-06-08 22:57 EEST
Nmap scan report for www.pc-freak.net (83.228.93.76)
Host is up (0.0075s latency).
Not shown: 985 filtered ports
PORT     STATE  SERVICE
20/tcp   closed ftp-data
21/tcp   open   ftp
22/tcp   open   ssh
25/tcp   open   smtp
53/tcp   open   domain
80/tcp   open   http
110/tcp  open   pop3
143/tcp  open   imap
443/tcp  closed https
465/tcp  open   smtps
631/tcp  closed ipp
993/tcp  open   imaps
995/tcp  closed pop3s
8022/tcp open   oa-system
9001/tcp open   tor-orport

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 7.73 seconds

 

9. Nmap Scan Types (Paranoid | sneaky | polite | normal | insane)

Nmap has 6 modes of scanning. Whether no Type of scan is passed on with (-T) arg. , it scans in normal mode. Paranoid and sneaky are the slowest but lest aggressive and less likely to be captured by automated firewall filtering rules soft or IDS.

Insane mode is for people, who want to scan as quickly as possible not caring about consequences. Usually whether scanning your own hosts Insane is nice as it saves you time.

Paranoid scan is ultra, slow so in general, such scan is helpful if you're going to sleep and you  want to scan your concurrent company servers, without being identified. Paraonid scan, takes hours and depending on where remote scanned host is located can sometimes take maybe 12 to 24 hours.
noah:~# nmap -T0 www.pc-freak.net

Starting Nmap 6.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2013-06-09 00:23 EEST
Stats: 0:15:00 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing SYN Stealth Scan
SYN Stealth Scan Timing: About 0.05% done
Almost always -T3 or T4 is reasonable.

10. Scanning hosts in verbose mode

pcfreak:~# nmap -vv localhost

Starting Nmap 5.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2013-06-09 01:14 EEST
NSE: Loaded 0 scripts for scanning.
Initiating SYN Stealth Scan at 01:14
Scanning localhost (127.0.0.1) [1000 ports]
Discovered open port 21/tcp on 127.0.0.1
Discovered open port 111/tcp on 127.0.0.1
Discovered open port 22/tcp on 127.0.0.1
Discovered open port 53/tcp on 127.0.0.1
Discovered open port 993/tcp on 127.0.0.1
Discovered open port 143/tcp on 127.0.0.1
Discovered open port 110/tcp on 127.0.0.1
Discovered open port 80/tcp on 127.0.0.1
Discovered open port 3306/tcp on 127.0.0.1
Discovered open port 25/tcp on 127.0.0.1
Discovered open port 783/tcp on 127.0.0.1
Discovered open port 8022/tcp on 127.0.0.1
Discovered open port 9001/tcp on 127.0.0.1
Discovered open port 465/tcp on 127.0.0.1
Completed SYN Stealth Scan at 01:14, 0.09s elapsed (1000 total ports)
Host localhost (127.0.0.1) is up (0.0000070s latency).
Scanned at 2013-06-09 01:14:27 EEST for 1s
Interesting ports on localhost (127.0.0.1):
Not shown: 986 closed ports
PORT     STATE SERVICE
21/tcp   open  ftp
22/tcp   open  ssh
25/tcp   open  smtp
53/tcp   open  domain
80/tcp   open  http
110/tcp  open  pop3
111/tcp  open  rpcbind
143/tcp  open  imap
465/tcp  open  smtps
783/tcp  open  spamassassin
993/tcp  open  imaps
3306/tcp open  mysql
8022/tcp open  unknown
9001/tcp open  tor-orport

Read data files from: /usr/share/nmap
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.21 seconds
           Raw packets sent: 1000 (44.000KB) | Rcvd: 2014 (84.616KB)

 

11. Nmap typical scan arguments combinations

noah:~# nmap -sS -P0 -sV www.pc-freak.net

Stats: 0:01:46 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Service Scan
Service scan Timing: About 90.91% done; ETC: 01:22 (0:00:10 remaining)
Nmap scan report for www.pc-freak.net (83.228.93.76)
Host is up (0.0063s latency).
Not shown: 985 filtered ports
PORT     STATE  SERVICE         VERSION
20/tcp   closed ftp-data
21/tcp   open   ftp             ProFTPD 1.3.3a
22/tcp   open   ssh             OpenSSH 5.5p1 Debian 6+squeeze3 (protocol 2.0)
25/tcp   open   smtp            qmail smtpd
53/tcp   open   domain?
80/tcp   open   http            Apache httpd
110/tcp  open   pop3            qmail pop3d
143/tcp  open   imap            Courier Imapd (released 2005)
443/tcp  closed https
465/tcp  open   ssl/smtp        qmail smtpd
631/tcp  closed ipp
993/tcp  open   tcpwrapped
995/tcp  closed pop3s
8022/tcp open   http            ShellInABox httpd
9001/tcp open   ssl/tor-orport?
Service Info: Host: mail.www.pc-freak.net; OSs: Unix, Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:kernel

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 106.23 seconds
 

12. Logging nmap output

Nmap can output logs in Plain Text (TXT) / GNMAP and XML. I prefer logging to TXT, as plain text is always better:
noah:~# nmap www.pc-freak.net -o nmap-log.txt

Starting Nmap 6.00 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2013-06-09 01:32 EEST
Stats: 0:00:01 elapsed; 0 hosts completed (1 up), 1 undergoing Connect Scan
Connect Scan Timing: About 4.60% done; ETC: 01:32 (0:00:21 remaining)
Nmap scan report for www.pc-freak.net (83.228.93.76)
Host is up (0.013s latency).
Not shown: 985 filtered ports
PORT     STATE  SERVICE
20/tcp   closed ftp-data
21/tcp   open   ftp
22/tcp   open   ssh
25/tcp   open   smtp
53/tcp   open   domain
80/tcp   open   http
110/tcp  open   pop3
143/tcp  open   imap
443/tcp  closed https
465/tcp  open   smtps
631/tcp  closed ipp
993/tcp  open   imaps
995/tcp  closed pop3s
3306/tcp closed mysql
8022/tcp open   oa-system

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 5.23 seconds

Below is also a paste from nmap man page (Example section) nmap -Pn -p80 -oX logs/pb-port80scan.xml -oG logs/pb-port80scan.gnmap 216.163.128.20/20

This scans 4096 IPs for any web servers (without pinging them) and saves the output in grepable and XML formats.

13. Other good Nmap scanning examples and arguments

One very useful Nmap option is;
-A – Enables OS detection and Version detection, Script scanning and Traceroute

Whether you have a list of all IPs administrated by you and you would like to scan all of them;

noah:~# nmap -iL /root/scan_ip_addresses.txt

Other useful option is -sA (This does TCP ACK Scan), it is useful way to determine if remote host is running some kind of stateful firewall. Instead of connecting to ports to check whether opened, ACKs are send.

– Fast port Scan

noah:~# nmap -F www.pc-freak.net
...

-D argument (Decoy scanning
Nmap has option for simulating port scan from multiple IPs, the so called Decoyed scanning. Using Decoys, one can hide real IP address from which Nmap scan is initiated

# nmap -n -D192.168.1.5,10.5.1.2,172.1.2.4,3.4.2.1 192.168.1.5

– Scan firewall for security weaknesses

(TCP Null Scan to full firewall to generate responce)
# nmap -sN 10.10.10.1

(TCP Fin scan to check firewall)

  # nmap -sF 10.10.10.1

(TCP Xmas scan to check firewall)

# nmap -sX 10.10.10.1

– Scan UDP ports

# nmap -sU hostname

– Scan remote host using IP (ping) Protocol

noah:~# nmap -P0 www.pc-freak.net

Connect Scan Timing: About 96.20% done; ETC: 23:16 (0:00:00 remaining)
Nmap scan report for www.pc-freak.net (83.228.93.76)
Host is up (0.0099s latency).
Not shown: 985 filtered ports
PORT     STATE  SERVICE
20/tcp   closed ftp-data
21/tcp   open   ftp
22/tcp   open   ssh
25/tcp   open   smtp
53/tcp   open   domain
80/tcp   open   http
110/tcp  open   pop3
143/tcp  open   imap
443/tcp  closed https
465/tcp  open   smtps
631/tcp  closed ipp
993/tcp  open   imaps
995/tcp  closed pop3s
8022/tcp open   oa-system
9001/tcp open   tor-orport

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 4.97 seconds

 

Few sshd server Security Tips that will improve your server security

Monday, May 2nd, 2011

On each and every newly installed Linux or FreeBSD server. I’m always very cautious about three configuration directives for the ssh server.
This are X11Forwarding , Protocol and PermitRootLogin

One needs to be very watchful about this three ones, as tuning the right values surely prevents the server from many of the security issues that might rise up with the SSH server.

Many Linuxes like Debian and Ubuntu comes with X11Forwarding yes e.g. (X11Forwarding) enabled by default, this is an useless option in most of the cases as the servers I do administrate does not run a X environment.

Some older Linux distributions I have dealt with has the ssh Protocol 1 enabled by default and therefore, whether I do inherit an old server I have to start administrating the first thing I do is to check if the /etc/ssh/sshd_config‘s Protocol 1 option is enabled and if it is enabled I disable it.

PermitRootLogin is also an option which I often turn off as logging in via remote ssh is potentially dangerous as root password might get sniffed.

In overall the 3 sshd option’s I do check out in /etc/sshd/sshd_config on each newly installed Linux server are:

X11Forwarding yes
PermitRootLogin yes
Protocol 1

I always change this three options in my /etc/sshd/sshd_config
to:

X11Forwarding no
PermitRootLogin no
Protocol 2

One other options sshd server options which is good to be tuned is:

LoginGraceTime 120

Decreasing it to:

LoginGraceTime 60

is generally a good idea.

Of course after the changes I do restart the ssh daemon in order for the new configuration to take place:

linux:~# /etc/init.d/sshd restart
...