If you're an administrator of a shared hosting server running mail server on localhost, you've definitely come across to issues with your mail server ip entering into public blacklists like spamhaus's CBL,XBL, PBL etc.
The usual procedure after one's ip gets listed in blacklists is to delist it manually following spamhaus or any other blacklist website's web interface, however often even after delisting yourself from blacklists you get back into them in a couple of hours, since your mail server continues to send a mass amounts of spam.
To track issues like as a system administrator I always use the good old network swiss army of knife tool tcpdump
tcpdump is really precious in tracking all kind of traffic oddities or mail server traffic.
To check if there are oddities with traffic flowing from a mail server on localhost after I login to a mail server with issues I use tcpdump command with following options:
tcpdump -nNxXi eth0 -s 0 proto TCP and port 25
The usual output of it should look something like:
root@hosting:/home/hipo/public_html:# tcpdump -nNxXi eth0 -s 0 proto TCP and port 25
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decodelistening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes
11:37:51.692685 IP xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx.smtp > 212.235.67.205.53745: P 2645817175:2645817203(28) ack 31168958 win 7632
0x0000: 4500 0044 92b4 4000 4006 9ae8 5511 9f4d E..D..@.@...U..M
0x0010: d4eb 43cd 0019 d1f1 9db3 f757 01db 99be ..C........W....
0x0020: 5018 1dd0 0d4e 0000 3235 3020 4f4b 2069 P....N..250.OK.i
0x0030: 643d 3151 656c 3150 2d30 3033 7666 412d d=1Qel1P-003vfA-
0x0040: 4730 0d0a G0..
11:37:52.175038 IP 212.235.67.205.53745 > xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx.smtp: . ack 28 win 65064
0x0000: 4500 0028 1bb4 4000 7706 db04 d4eb 43cd E..(..@.w.....C.
0x0010: 5511 9f4d d1f1 0019 01db 99be 9db3 f773 U..M...........s
0x0020: 5010 fe28 a1c8 0000 0000 0000 0000 P..(..........
In this example the xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx is the IP address of the hosting server (my mail server) and the other IP is the interaction of my mail server's smtp port 25 with tther machine 212.235.67.205.
If after issuing this command there are tons of repeating address IPs the mail server interacts with this is possible sign of spammers who sent traffic via the mail server.
Of course this is not always the case as sometimes, some clients use to send large newsletters or just some planned advertisements, however in most cases as I said it's a spammer.
To futher get the abuser I check Apache logs and the mail server logs. Also in many cases a spammer can be catched via observing the mail server logs (/var/log/maillog, /var/log/qmail/current or wherever the mail server logs it's interactions).
In the above tcpdump output you can even read some of the information flowing in between mail servers in a very raw form for example in above tcpdump output notice the 250.OK . This is obviously an interaction between the two mail servers where the server running on my hosting server with ip (xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx) sends to the remote mail server the command 250 OK
Hope this article is helpful to somebody 😉
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Another helpful use of tcpdump in cases like this is:
# tcpdump |grep -i mail|grep -i mail
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This is how your article should have read!
Why do Orthodox Christian priests and monks wear long beards and why Roman Catholics do not?
Here are the few reasons:
View CommentView CommentLong beard wearing tradition among Orthodox Christian priests and monks comes after Christ
Christ himself had a beard as it was normal and considered proper for a man to wear long beard. The fact that our Lord Jesus Christ had a long beard himself can clearly be observed on all Orthodox Christian icons:
Long beards priest wearing comes as a natural tradition from the Old Testament’s times and the tradition of early Church
If one reads thoughtfully the Old Testament, he will find out that even from Moses and Aaron and onwards the tradition is the same.
All the Godly man and the priests had their long beards unshaved as a mark for their dedication to God.
To generalize the long beards wearing is according to ancient Old Testament ancient tradition.
The long beards tradition as an ancient Jewish religion (Old Testament) tradition can still be clearly observed in Jewish rabbis. The long beards tradition later was adopted by Muslims when Islam emerged as a religion and more specifically by the Muslim priests the Hodjas.
One very interesting historical source of information which proofs that the ancient Church’s priests had the tradition not to cut their beards is given by the historian Egezit who writes in his Chronicles that the Apostle James, the head of the Church in Jerusalem, never cut his hair. A source of confirmation that the long hear and beards wearing was an established tradition that dates back to the Old Testament is found in the Old Testament in (Ezekiel 8:3)
Here is what exactly we read there:
He stretched out what looked like a hand and took me by the hair of my head.
The Spirit lifted me up between earth and heaven and in visions of God he took me to Jerusalem, to the entrance to the north gate of the inner court, where the idol that provokes to jealousy stood.
Long hair and beards wearing by the Monks
An interesting fact is why the monks and novice neophyte lay brothers also stick to the ancient tradition. It appears long hair and beards wearing traces back to the holy life of the ascetics of the deserts (e.g. the hermits). The reason why ascetics did not shaved their hairs or bears as a way to avoid vanity and therefore this old hermitage practice has also had a spiritual reason.
The Nazarite Old Testament tradition
In the Old Testament in Numbers 6:1-21, we read about the term Nazarite which means consecrated / separated
Each boy or man who was to become a Nazarine has been devoted to God for a certain period of time or in some cases for his all life, one of the many conditions for one to be a Nazarite is not to shave his beard or hair.
One can read about this in the Old Testament in Leviticus 21:5
Leviticus 21:5
“They shall not make baldness upon their head,
neither shall they shave off the corner of their beard nor make any cuttings in their flesh.”
There are some other prohibitions relating to Nazarite’s one of the most notable ones is found in Numbers 6:4:
All the days of his Naziriteship shall he eat nothing that is made of the grape-vine, from the pressed grapes even to the grapestone.
One example for people who gave a vow to become temporary Nazarites is found in 1 Maccabees 3:49.
One of the most important figures in Christianity that used to be Nazarite is Samson, his life can be read in the Old Testament in Judges 13 – 16
As we read in Judges, Samson’s great God-given power constituted in a prohibition to shave his hair and not to drink wine.
Reason why Roman Catholic Priests and monks abandoned the ancient tradition of wearing long hairs and beards
In the early Roman Empire it was a custom for men to shave. The “enlightened†Romans believed that only the barbarians did not shaved themselves, and as you can imagine Jewish people and early Christians were of course considered to be barbarians, e.g. being unshaved was a sign for a cultural inferiority in according to Romans comprehension.
The long hair and beard tradition in the Western Church started disappearing and consequentially was completely lost with the Tyranny of Charlemagne at the end of the eight century. With his massive ‘barbarian’ inferiority complex, it was his desire in all things to imitate pagan classical Rome. It was therefore under him that Western clergy were ordered to shave regularly. For example at the Council of Aachen (816), it was stipulated that priests and monks were to shave every two weeks.
By the beginning of the 11th century the tradition of wearing long beards was already completely removed and almost all the Roman Catholic clergy were regularly shaving.
In the sixteenth century beardlessness for Roman Catholic clergy was enforced by further canons, which appear to have been dropped since the Second Vatican Council.
Why do Protestants not wear beards and long hair?
As we all know protestant Church denominations has emerged as schismatics from Roman Catholic church and therefore mostly the influence they had was from Roman Catholics which already had the tradition within their clergy to regularly shave, thus pastors shaving was completely out of question and never come to an established reality among the Protestant Church pastors.
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