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Father Archimandrite Ivan of Novi Han, Protector of Poor and Homeless passed away to Christ

Tuesday, September 16th, 2025

Father Ivan with his shepherd stick

On September 14, the 80-year-old Archimandrite Joan (John) , known simply as Father Ivan from Novi Khan.
Father Ivan was well known in Bulgarian society as the only Monk father of the Fatherless. and a great benefactor who dedicated his life to the sick, poor, needy and, the homeless people in Bulgaria.

The Requiem service will be consecrated on September 16 from 12:00 pm in the church "The Holy Trinity" in Novi Khan (a Church situated in the improvised homeless shelter organized in an old Monastery (Saint Nicholas) by Father Ivan himself. by Bishop John of Branitsky, former Vicar Bishop of Patriarch Daniel.

Father Ivan Dimitrov Ivanov was born on March 31, 1945. in the Bulgarian village of Blagovo, Montana region. He received his basic and secondary education in the High Professional School "Peter Beron" in city of Sofia. Next He attended a university degree from the Theological Academy "St. Clement of Ohrid" (which was re-established in the distant year 1981) already in grown age after working different other jobs. He merried and with his wife Todorka Grigorova Ivanova had two sons – Ivaylo and Grigor. On October 19, 1981 he was ordained a deacon, and on 26 October same year – ordained for a priest by Metropolitan Filaret of Vidin. Since 1987 he was appointed as a priest at the Church "Holy Trinity" in the town of Novi Han, region of Elin Pelin. In year 2011 he has been consecrated as monk the name Ioan by the Bishop of Devol Theodosij (Theodosius). In 2015 in Montana he was promoted to archimandrite dignity by Vidin Metropolitan Dometian.

Along with his pastoral work, he devotes all his strength to caring for the poor. His selfless service remains misunderstood by many, and for a long time he does not receive support from the leadership of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. In 2014, His Holiness Patriarch Neophyte of Bulgaria came to visit the “Holy Trinity” shelter in Novi Han. In addition to food and gifts, he also gave a sign of empathy with the great priest’s work.

Otec_Ivan_Novi-Han-s-patriarh-Neofit

Father Ivan began his work in the distanct 1993, short after the fall of Communism regime in Bulgaria when he restored the abandoned building of the monastery "Holy Trinity" in Novi Han. He revived the liturgical life in the monastery church (that was abondoned for many years due to the dictatorship regime in Bulgaria) and created the shelter "Saint Nicholas", in which he sheltered a dozen homeless people. Gradually, the orphanage expanded and it housed mainly women and children deprived of home and protection, but also found shelter for the elderly and homeless. The priest gave pregnant girls left without any financial support and shelter, the opportunity to give birth to their children and take care of them in the shelter for free. Several generations of children were born and raised under the care of Father Ivan. Today, some of them were the first to express their grief over the death of the father on social networks.

otec_Ivan-with-his-children

Even though his genuine kindness and great good deeds Father Ivan has suffered a lot from people who hate the light of Christ, being a victim of various life hardships, road incidents, and a lot of health issues, which he endevoured with stoicism. He has multiple times has shared when we met that many people being pushed by the devil has done him a lot of badness.
As a mean to finance the homeless people Father Ivan with the help of his orpans, take care about animals such as chickens, cows, sheeps.
Not on a signle occasion animals belonging to him and his shelter has been stolen.
He fought many battles in his life time but never lost hope neither he fall in spirit always counting on the help of the Almighty, like the ancient saints.
Father Ivans deed for that hard times can be compared to the great deeds of the ancients and for the Bulgarian society his meaning and inspiration was similar
to the old testamental important of Moses who led the people.
His servence of a priest was always given for the good example and people respected him and loved him for his deeds in Bulgaria over the last 40 years.

Otec_Ivan-stuck-with-a-knife

In 2013, the father bought several houses in the Montana village of Yakimovo, where he housed also homeless families and their children (the houses hosting homless families reached about 80+ houses ! which accomodated about 180 people, together with the people in the orphanage in Novi Han they were more than 250+ people).

The last years of his life he spend living in his small living Room (monastic Cell) in the Saint Nicolas Monastery in prayer and last spiritual cares for his many children.

Father Ivan of Novi Han and his son Grigorij

The priest's work is continued by his son (who also took the path of his father) Fr. Grigoriy, who now takes care of the orphanages. Fr. Ivan remains in our recent church history as an example of complete dedication to the service of his neighbors, without seeking reward or gratitude. Something unique and unrepeatable fhat inspired many to be more merciful and benevolent for the poor and needy and by this he incarnated the example of Christ who teached us to always have the poor and needy with us and in our hearts. Generous to the life's misfortunes of his "children", Fr. Ivan set an example of a servant of Christ, whose love "does not seek its own… bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things" (1 Cor. 13:5-7).

I had the blessing to meet father Ivan of Novi Han a couple of times together with Bishop Ierotey Agathopolski (who used to be in the past under the spiritual guidance of Father Ivan). And my personal impressions are that father Ivan was a highly spiritual person and true monk. I had the chance one time in the distant 2011 to meet him in Novi Khan afer a pilgrimage to Holy Mount Athos we have been guests to Father Ivan in the monastery for a night and even had the chance to be and serve as a ipodeacon on a Holy Liturgy led by Father Ivan. I still remember how much he worried about the children God has sent him for care and how much he worried if financially he can make it to give a good life to all the new inhabitants who recently come to his shelter.

The Children and old homeless people for whom Father Ivan of Novi Han took care

I remember he had to buy some food for the shelter and I wanted to help him to carry the stuff and we were to the SuperMarket together to buy food and goods for the children.
Father Ivan had a great temper and a great sense of humor even though he has been already aging and his spirit was lifted even though the hardships both with suffering heavy form of diabetes and other multitude of physical infirmity.

Film Sparks (Movie about the Shleter of Saint Nicolas created by Father Ivan of Novi Han)

Father Ivan and his Children an Interview Movie by Fr Ivan

Movie about The Life Story hardships of Father Ivan of Novi Khan and what made him decide to serve the sick, the poor and the lonely

Father Archimandrite Ivan one worthy Bulgarian

In above interview, father Ivan talks about how he decided to become a priest and how he promised God that he will make an orphanage home. He was accused during the communistic times in Bulgaria for being a priest only to serve as a spy for the West. He was kept in Montana Police station interrogated for 7 months in a small dark police carcer (small police room for prisoners), trying and the police tried to brain wash him that he is guilty for things he is not for all the time being asked the same questions again and again with a light lamp infront of his eye sight. He tells in short in the interview, how he managed to restore the Holy Trinity monastery, after a lot of hardships and miracles of God who helped me to do so. On multiple times his orphanage house has been tried to be (closed) and even destroyed by the local people of Novi Han unsuccesful. He has a lot of abusers who tried to run the deeds of his life the oprphanage but God by his great grace and his powers did not allow this to happen! But right on the contrary helped him and the children and provided him everything he needs to fulfill the dead of his life to help the salvation of tens of thousands to find his path to God and multitudes of people to physically survive a life of horror for years. He put a multitude of lost souls for whom noone cared back on the track of life and by his mercifulness he preached the Gospel not only words but in deeds.

Let God forgive him, Have mercy on his Soul and Forgive him if he sinned as a man and Receive him in his heavenly kingdom ! And Let us have his prayers to Christ ! Amen

Tags: about, after, age, ALL, amen, ancients, and, animals, ANY, are, basic, being, birth, bishop, blessing, Bought, building, bulgaria, Bulgarian, bulgarian orthodox church
Posted in Christianity, Curious Facts, Everyday Life | No Comments »

Unlocking the Power of lnav: Logfile Navigator – ncurses text based tool guide to mutiple Logs on multiple servers easy analysis on Linux

Saturday, September 13th, 2025

If you've ever found yourself buried under a mountain of log files, tailing multiple outputs, or grepping through endless lines trying to spot an error, it's time to meet your new best friend: lnav, the Logfile Navigator.

Lightweight, terminal-based, and surprisingly powerful, lnav is one of the most underrated tools for developers, sysadmins, and anyone who regularly digs into logs. It turns your chaotic logs into something that’s not only readable—but genuinely useful.

What is lnav and why use it ?

lnav (Logfile Navigator) is a command-line tool for viewing and analyzing log files. It goes beyond tail, less, or grep by:

Automatically detecting and merging log formats.
Highlighting timestamps, log levels, and errors.
Providing SQL-like queries over your logs.
Offering interactive navigation with a UI inside the terminal.

And yes, all of that without needing to set up a database or a server.

1. Installing lnav on Linux

Installation is straightforward. On most systems, you can install it via package managers:

On Ubuntu/Debian:

# apt install lnav

On Fedora:

# dnf install lnav

On Arch Linux:

# pacman -S lnav

Or build from source via GitHub if you want the latest version.

2. Use lnav Instead of Tail / Grep why?

Traditional tools are powerful, but they require manual work to chain together functionality. lnav gives you:

Automatic multi-log parsing: Drop multiple logs in, and it merges them chronologically.
Syntax highlighting: Errors and warnings stand out.
SQL querying: Run queries like SELECT * FROM syslog_log WHERE log_level = 'error';
Filtering and searching: Use intuitive filters and bookmarks to highlight specific entries.

3. Basic tool Usage is simple

Let’s say you want to inspect a system log:

# lnav /var/log/syslog

You'll immediately get:

Color-coded output (timestamps, levels, messages).
Scrollable view (arrow keys, PgUp, PgDn).
Real-time updates (like tail -f).
Search with /, filter with :filter-in, and even SQL queries.

Lets say you need to analyze Apache webserver logs recursively including the logs already rotated and gunzipped with *.gz extension on CentOS / Fedora / RHEL, you can do it with:

# lnav -r /var/log/httpd

You can parse the log file and get additional information about requests as well as you can print overall summary of log file.

Choose the line you want to parse. The selected line is always the one at the top of the window. Then press 'p' and you should see the following result:

Now, if you want to see a summary view of the logs by date and time, simply press 'i'.

To quit a screen you have chosen press 'q'.

4. LNAV helpful options and hotkeys

Once you've opened a log file/s for analyze you can use few hotkeys that will allow us to move through the output of lnav and the available views more easily:

e or E to jump to the next / previous error message.
w or W to jump to the next / previous warning message.
b or Backspace to move to the previous page.
Space to move to the next page.
g or G to move to the top / bottom of the current view.

To take a closer look at the way lnav operates, use -d option, the debug information is to be spit inside a .txt file:

# lnav /var/log/httpd -d lnav.txt

In this example, the debug information that is generated when lnav starts will be written to a file named lnav.txt inside the current working directory.

5. Real-World Use Cases

a. Troubleshooting application or system process Crashes

Open all relevant logs in one go:

# lnav /var/log/*.log

Errors are highlighted, and you can jump between them with n / N kbd keys.

b. Combining Multiple Logs

Working with an app that logs to different files and you need to combine:

# lnav /var/log/nginx/access.log /var/log/nginx/error.log

Or lets say you want to combine Apache Webserver with Haproxy log and get log summaries or filter out stuff:

# lnav /var/log/apache2/access.log /var/log/haproxy.log

Now you will get a single, chronological timeline of events.

If you want to Search for a concrete occurance of Error / Warning or IP address inside a bunch of loaded combined logs you can do it with the same command like in simple vim by pressing / (slash) from kbd and type out what you want to filter out to get shown.

c. Analyze SQL Queries Logs

Yes, you can actually do this by passing it query in its command prompt :

:.schema
:SELECT log_time, log_level, log_message FROM syslog_log WHERE log_level = 'error';

You get a table of filtered logs, sortable by columns.

6. lnav more usage command tips

:help — Opens the help menu.
:filter-in <string> — Show only lines matching <string>.
:filter-out <string> — Hide lines matching <string>.
:export-to <filename> — Export current view to a file.
:tag <tagname> — Tag lines for later reference.
q — Quit (but why would you want to?).

7. Using lnav as a pager for systemd-journald

# journalctl | lnav
# journalctl -f | lnav
# journalctl -u ssh.service | lnav

8. Use lnav to review remote ssh logs

Newer versions after 0.10 supports ssh protocol as well and theoretically should work:

# lnav user@server-name-here:/var/log/file.log

To read all logs inside /var/log

# lnav root@server-name-here:/var/log/
# lnav root@server-name-here:/var/log/*.err

9. Using lnav to view docker container logs

# docker logs 811ab84aa95l | lnav
# docker logs -f application | lnav

The latest version of lnav supports even the following simplified docker:// URL syntax:

# lnav docker://{container_id_or_name}/dir_path/to/log/file
# lnav docker://{container_id_or_name}/var/dir_path/log
# lnav docker://application/var/log/
# lnav docker://applcation/var/log/nginx/nginx.app.log

10. Monitoring compilation and command output useful for developers

Compilation from archived tar balls with ./configure && make etc. generate lot of outputs and logs while working.
Here is where the tool can come handy.
For example, here is how to watch the output of make command when compiling something:

# lnav -e './configure && make'

11. Learning lnav tool through online ssh service availability via lnav.org

f you're lazy to install it and want to test it anyways:

# Start The Basic Tutorial:
ssh -o PubkeyAuthentication=no -o PreferredAuthentications=password tutorial1@demo.lnav.org

# Playground:
ssh -o PubkeyAuthentication=no -o PreferredAuthentications=password playground@demo.lnav.org

Closure

While tools like Kibana, Grafana, and ELK stacks are powerful, they can be overkill for many use cases—especially when you're SSHed into a box and just need to get answers fast. That’s where lnav shines as it is fast, lightweight, visual and can be used offline.

If you’re a developer, sysadmin, SRE (Site Reliability Engineer), or just someone who cares about logs, give lnav a spin. It might just become among your favorite sysadm tools on Linux and safe you pretty much of time if you have to do log reading and analyzing on daily basis (for example if you're admining 20+ or more Linux servers.

Tags: about, access, command, help menu, Installing, linux?, log files, Logfile Navigator, Monitoring, move, need, nginx, Open, org, Search, servers, Space, use, var, view
Posted in Linux, Monitoring, System Administration, Various | No Comments »

Monitoring Linux server activity with psacct, accton, lastconn commands. Understanding /var/account/pacct and /var/account/acct Acct File Format

Friday, September 5th, 2025

Intro: Understanding Process Accounting in Linux/Unix Systems

In multi-user Unix and Linux environments, keeping track of what’s happening under the hood is essential—for security, system performance, compliance, and resource management. One powerful but often overlooked feature that provides deep visibility into system activity is process accounting.

Process accounting records every command executed on a system, along with key details such as the user who ran it, the time it was executed, how long it ran, how much CPU and memory it consumed, and more. This information is stored in binary log files such as /var/account/pacct or /var/account/acct, which can then be analyzed using specialized tools.

System administrators, security analysts, and auditors use this data for a wide range of purposes: tracking user activity, analyzing system resource usage, investigating security incidents, or even supporting cost allocation in shared computing environments. In regulated industries, process accounting can also serve as a reliable audit trail, helping organizations meet compliance requirements.

While it doesn’t capture full command-line arguments or real-time process behavior, process accounting provides a concise, system-wide history of what has been run and by whom—making it a valuable component of any robust monitoring or auditing strategy.

In this article, we'll explore what process accounting is, how it works, what kind of data it records, and how it can be used to improve system transparency, security, and efficiency.

Understanding the /var/account/pacct or /var/account/acct files involves diving into process accounting on Unix and Linux systems. These files log detailed information about every process that has run on the system. They are binary files and not human-readable so to parse them you the sa / lastcomm tools.

**What are /var/account/pacct and /var/account/acct dirs and common locations across *nix OS-es?**

These are process accounting files used to log per-process execution details.
Created and maintained by the acct package (acctd or psacct, depending on your distro).
Location may vary slightly by distro:
- /var/account/pacct – common on Debian/Ubuntu as well as on FreeBSD / OpenBSD
- /var/account/acct – common on Red Hat/CentOS.
- /var/adm/pact – is location for Sun Solaris UNIX (if you face some legacy systems somewhere and you wonder what it is)

What Do process account data dirs contain ?

These binary log files record information like:

Field	Description
ac_comm	Command name (truncated to 16 characters)
ac_utime	User CPU time used
ac_stime	System CPU time used
ac_etime	Elapsed time
ac_btime	Process start time (in epoch seconds)
ac_uid	User ID of the process owner
ac_gid	Group ID of the process
ac_mem	Average memory usage (in pages)
ac_io	I/O operations (usually blocks read/written)
ac_tty	Controlling terminal
ac_exitcode	Exit status
ac_flag	Flags (forked, exec'd, etc.)

Note: The exact fields and formats may vary based on your OS and kernel version.

How to View or Parse the acct File

Since the file is binary, use tools to interpret it:

1. lastcomm command – Shows last executed commands

# lastcomm

Output includes user, command, CPU time, and date/time.

Note ! that if lastcomm returns an empty output that means the process accounting (if installed on the system) is not yet enabled. To have it return its purposed data enable it.

2. accton – Enables or disables accounting

To enable proc accounting:

# accton on /var/account/pact

To disable proc accounting:

# accton off /var/account/pact

3. Enable disable process accounting on Linux boot

On Redhat based Linux distributions accton can be switch on / off on boot up with the good old chkconfig command

On Debian based Ubuntu / Mint etc. distros

To enable process accounging service on boot:

# update-rc.d acct defaults
# /etc/init.d/acct start

Alternatively you can do it on Debian Linux via its config /etc/default/acct:

# cat /etc/default/acct

# Defaults for acct

# If you want to keep acct installed, but not started automatically, set this

# variable to 0. Because /etc/cron.daily/acct calls the initscript daily, it is

# not sufficient to stop acct once after booting if your machine remains up.

ACCT_ENABLE="1"

# Amount of days that the logs are kept.

ACCT_LOGGING="30"

On Redhat RPM distros good old chkconfig is used

# chkconfig psacct on

4. sa command (summary accounting)

# sa

    3414   54989.71re      64.59cp         0avio     16834k

      34   54603.57re      61.21cp         0avio     38640k   ***other*

      14       1.33re       1.29cp         0avio     74725k   ls

      39      11.88re       1.16cp         0avio     56746k   find

     149      25.51re       0.83cp         0avio     64912k   spamd

      16     293.95re       0.06cp         0avio         0k   kworker/dying*

      22       5.12re       0.01cp         0avio      3951k   sshd

       3       0.01re       0.01cp         0avio     61611k   awstats.pl

       2      11.93re       0.00cp         0avio     58288k   ssh

       3       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio     76224k   php5.6

       2       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio     75824k   php7.3

       7       0.65re       0.00cp         0avio     56846k   bash

       2       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio     75360k   php7.0

       2       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio     69920k   php8.3

       4       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio     58032k   mkvalidrcptto

       2       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio     75408k   php7.4

       2       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio     69920k   php8.2

      60       2.02re       0.00cp         0avio     56882k   cron*

       3       1.24re       0.00cp         0avio     56144k   less

       2       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio     57272k   dpkg

       5       0.01re       0.00cp         0avio     23664k   dig

       3       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio      1443k   lastcomm

       2       0.31re       0.00cp         0avio       940k   dump-acct

       2       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio     13702k   php8.0

       2       0.02re       0.00cp         0avio      1339k   sa

    1226       1.27re       0.00cp         0avio       631k   watchdog*

     560       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio      5316k   zabbix_agentd*

     153       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio     56612k   bash*

     149       0.12re       0.00cp         0avio     56016k   pwd

     139       2.04re       0.00cp         0avio       644k   sh

     128       0.04re       0.00cp         0avio       644k   sessionclean*

     115       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio       644k   which

      71       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio     56278k   sed

      56       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio     56528k   chown

      39       0.19re       0.00cp         0avio       618k   qmail-queue

      39       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio       705k   vdelivermail

      39       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio       590k   qmail-local

      29       0.53re       0.00cp         0avio     56144k   wc

      28       0.24re       0.00cp         0avio     56032k   who

      28       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio       701k   valias

      28       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio       702k   vuserinfo

      24      17.13re       0.00cp         0avio      2282k   qmail-smtpd

      21       5.04re       0.00cp         0avio      3924k   sshd*

      17       1.16re       0.00cp         0avio     56544k   ping

      12       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio     56032k   date

      10       0.00re       0.00cp         0avio     56512k   whoamiSummarizes command usage statistics.

For example to pick up percentage information based on process accounting regarding which process took over most of server’s CPU time

# sa -c

    3414 100.00%   54989.71re 100.00%      64.59cp 100.00%         0avio     16834k

      34    1.00%   54603.57re   99.30%      61.21cp   94.77%         0avio     38640k   ***other*

      14    0.41%       1.33re    0.00%       1.29cp    1.99%         0avio     74725k   ls

      39    1.14%      11.88re    0.02%       1.16cp    1.80%         0avio     56746k   find

     149    4.36%      25.51re    0.05%       0.83cp    1.28%         0avio     64912k   spamd

      16    0.47%     293.95re    0.53%       0.06cp    0.09%         0avio         0k   kworker/dying*

      22    0.64%       5.12re    0.01%       0.01cp    0.02%         0avio      3951k   sshd

       3    0.09%       0.01re    0.00%       0.01cp    0.02%         0avio     61611k   awstats.pl

       2    0.06%      11.93re    0.02%       0.00cp    0.01%         0avio     58288k   ssh

       3    0.09%       0.00re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio     76224k   php5.6

       2    0.06%       0.00re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio     75824k   php7.3

       7    0.21%       0.65re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio     56846k   bash

       2    0.06%       0.00re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio     75360k   php7.0

       2    0.06%       0.00re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio     69920k   php8.3

       4    0.12%       0.00re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio     58032k   mkvalidrcptto

       2    0.06%       0.00re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio     75408k   php7.4

       2    0.06%       0.00re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio     69920k   php8.2

      60    1.76%       2.02re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio     56882k   cron*

       3    0.09%       1.24re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio     56144k   less

       2    0.06%       0.00re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio     57272k   dpkg

       5    0.15%       0.01re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio     23664k   dig

       3    0.09%       0.00re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio      1443k   lastcomm

       2    0.06%       0.31re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio       940k   dump-acct

       2    0.06%       0.00re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio     13702k   php8.0

       2    0.06%       0.02re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio      1339k   sa

    1226   35.91%       1.27re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio       631k   watchdog*

     560   16.40%       0.00re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio      5316k   zabbix_agentd*

     153    4.48%       0.00re    0.00%       0.00cp    0.00%         0avio     56612k   bash*

5. dump-acct (from GNU acct) – Parses the binary files stored on machine

# dump-acct /var/account/pacct

Outputs detailed info per process in a readable format.

6. Installing the process accounting Tools if not already on the system

On Debian/Ubuntu to install:

# apt install acct

On Red Hat/CentOS to install:

# yum install psacct

File Format Details (Technical details)

The pacct file format is defined in C struct form in kernel headers:

struct acct {

    char ac_flag;

    char ac_version;

    uint16_t ac_tty;

    uint32_t ac_exitcode;

    uint32_t ac_uid;

    uint32_t ac_gid;

    uint32_t ac_pid;

    uint32_t ac_ppid;

    uint32_t ac_btime;

    uint32_t ac_etime;

    uint32_t ac_utime;

    uint32_t ac_stime;

    uint32_t ac_mem;

    uint32_t ac_io;

    char ac_comm[16];

};

(Fields may be compressed using "comp_t" – a 16-bit pseudo-floating point format used to save space.)

7. How to Decode comp_t (Optional)

Fields like ac_utime, ac_stime, ac_etime, ac_mem, and ac_io are often stored in comp_t format:

#define MANTSIZE 13

#define EXPSIZE 3

unsigned int expand(comp_t c) {

return ((c & 0x1FFF) << ((c >> 13) & 0x7));

}

So a comp_t value can be interpreted as:

value = mantissa << (exponent)

8. File Growth and Rotation manage

These files grow over time and can become large.
Best practice is to rotate and archive them regularly using logrotate or cron jobs.
Example rotation script (manual):

# mv /var/account/pacct /var/account/pacct.1

# touch /var/account/pacct

# accton /var/account/pacct

Summary what learned

We have learned on what is Process accounting on Linux. The purpose of process accounting is to keep an Audit of what has happened on the Linux server recently thus it is a must to be present on Linux machines, that needs to keep a good history record for potential Security audits like PCI-DSS etc. Here is a short table to recall once again what learned.

Topic	Summary
What it is	Binary log of all executed processes
Location	/var/account/pacct or /var/account/acct
Tools to read	lastcomm, sa, dump-acct
Format	Binary; contains CPU, memory, I/O, UID info
Use case	Auditing, usage tracking, forensics

Tags: about, Account, Accounting, adm, command, CPU, cron jobs, data, debian linux, distros, enable, kernel version, Output, process, Redhat, sshd, time, Understanding, var, www
Posted in Linux, Various | No Comments »

How To Install ChatGPT on Debian Linux with snap

Tuesday, August 19th, 2025

chatgpt-desktop-linux-screenshot

To install ChatGPT (official desktop app) on Debian Linux using Snap, do the following:
You need as

Prerequisites

Debian-based system (e.g., Debian, Ubuntu, Mint whatever deb based Linux).
Snap package manager installed.

1. Install Snap (if not installed)

Run these commands in your terminal:

# apt update sudo apt install snapd

Enable and start the Snap daemon:

# systemctl enable snapd sudo systemctl start snapd

Create a symbolic link to ensure

snap

is accessible:

# ln -s /var/lib/snapd/snap /snap

2. Find ChatGPT Snap Package

The official ChatGPT desktop app (by OpenAI) is not available as a Snap package directly from OpenAI, but a third-party Snap package or wrapper may exist.

You can search with:

# snap find chatgpt

As of now, you might see unofficial community packages (e.g.,

chatgpt-desktop

chatgpt-wrapper

, etc.).

3. Install ChatGPT Snap Package

If you find a package (e.g., chatgpt-desktop), install it like this:

# snap install chatgpt-desktop

Note: Be cautious about third-party Snap packages—review the publisher and permissions.

4.Launch ChatGPT

Once installed, launch it from your app menu or run:

/snap/bin/chatgpt-desktop-client

Alternative (if no Snap available)

If no Snap package is available or you're uncomfortable with third-party sources:

Option: Use the Official .deb Installer

OpenAI released an official desktop app for Linux in

.deb

format:

To use the native deb;

Download from: https://openai.com/chat
Install with:

# apt install ./chatgpt_*.deb

Tags: about, alternative, and, available, based, bin, Chat, com, Commands, community, create, daemon, deb, Debian, debian linux, Desktop, download, enable, find, format, how, How to, installed, need, official, packages, sudo, systemctl, update
Posted in AI on Linux, Linux, Various | No Comments »

Christ is Risen Eastern Orthodox Resurrection Paschal Greeting in Different Languages

Friday, April 24th, 2020

Happy Easter to All Orthodox Christians worldwide !
We are the the bright week – this is the week after The Feast of Feasts Resurrection of Christ. This year in 2020, we Orthodox Christians celebrated this feast on 19th, 20th and 21st of April. The celebrations of the Feast of Christians and the Paschal joy continues for the whole week, so I found some time to quickly blog to share the Joy of the Resurrection of the Savior Jesus Christ who has freed all People from the Fear of the Death by Manifestating Death has been overtaken by Life Eternally.
Earlier years, I've blogged shortly on the Christ is risen in many languages. But this time I decided to extend my previous blog by adding some more details on which are the Member Churches consisting the Christ body of Holy Orthodoxy, What is the Creed of Faith (Symbol of Faith) difference Between Orthodox Christians and Roman Catholics and why we're not catholics and do celebrate Easter on a different date from Roman Catholics. Finally I will post the Paschal Greeting translated to as many languages I could find.

In the Eastern Orthodox Christian world which is the True Church of Christ consists of 15 National Churches each traced back to the Holy Apostles of Christ, each of Churches is in eucharistic Communion with the other.

Canonical Orthodox Christ Churches as of year 2020 are the following:

1. Orthodox Church of Constantinople
2. Orthodox Church of Alexandria
3. Orthodox Church of Antiochia
4. Jerusalem Patriarchal Orthodox Church
5. Bulgarian Orthodox Church
6. Georgian Orthodox Church
7. Serbian Orthodox Church
8. Russian Orthodox Church
9. Romanian Orthodox Church
10. Orthodox Church of Cyprus (archibishopship)
11. Greek Orthodox Church
12. Albanian Orthodox Church
13. Polish Orthodox Church
14. Orthodox Church of Chech Lands and Slovakia
15. American Orthodox Church

Historically Christ Church was one before the Great Schism that was perhaps the greatest tragedy of mankind after Christ's Crucifix it occured in 1054 A.D. About this saddening events, the manuscripts and contemporary saints says with this terrible event, the whole world shaked its basis. The result of the Bulla brought by Pope's messangers in Hagia Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople in the Holy Alter of the Church putting in document of official schism and the Church of the east condeming the Western Church Cuhrch action headed by the pope due to the false Creed of faith inclusion legallized by the pope with the so called 'Filioque' word formula that changed the original agreement of Church fathers decisions on the First Ecumenical Council of Constantinople in 381 A.D. (which by the way puts Anathemas on anyone who dares to change the Creed of Faith as well change by the Popes in the well known ancient Baptism Formulas like oilment (receving the sign of the holy spirit during baptism).

The historical number of Orthodox Churche dioceses were much more numerous but with the time and the hardships this are the only ones that left as official Churches, many dioceses were destroyed by the Muslims Conquests and Roman Catholics orders like the Jesuits whose fight against orthodoxy has been severe in their attempt to make the whole world to turn to the pope, this is very well known by the many remains of Uniates around Europe, especially in nowadays Ukraine. There is a lot of nations like Chechz and Hungarians whose for many centuries confessed orthodoxy but due to the economic relations with the West and the converion of their rulers (princes / Kings) etc. to Roman Catholicism has gradually converted their Eastern Churches to Roman Catholics.

The origional Nicean Creed (Nicea-Constantinople) creed of faith reads as this:

Nicean Creed of Faith ( Agreed on 381 Anno Dommini in Emperor Constantine City of Byzantine Empire Constantinople)

We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible.

And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds (æons), Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, consubstantial with the Father;

by whom all things were made;

who for us men, and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Ghost and of the Virgin Mary, and was made man;

he was crucified for us under Pontius Pilate, and suffered, and was buried, and the third day he rose again, according to the Scriptures, and ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of the Father;

from thence he shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead. ;

whose kingdom shall have no end.

* And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of life, who proceedeth from the Father, who with the Father and the Son together is worshiped and glorified, who spake by the prophets.

In one Holy Catholic and apostolic Church; we acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins; we look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

The Western Church head Bishop the Pope and local priests due to some historical regions of Spain and other parts of Western Europe's aim to fight heresies included the word Latin word Filioque in above translated text (Word which is translated as "And from the Son") in above starred line 'And in te Holy Ghost, The Lord Giver of Life who proceedeth from the Father' become 'And in the Holy Ghost, The Lord Giver of Life who proceedeth from the Father (Filioque) = and from the Son.' this was acceptable for the Eastern Churches until the moment when this Confession of Faith has been legalized for the Whole Western Church with a decree so called pope 'Bulla' with which it become the official confession of faith for the whole Catholic Church. The Eastern Church of course was following the accepted Canon rules from the first Ecumenical Council in 381 A.D. and rejected to accept the definition of the Pope at first in the Face of Saint Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople (year 810 – 893) and become official in 1054 by the rule of Pope Leo whose legates tried to claim Headship of the Pope over the whole Church and questioned the title of the Constantinople Ecumenical Patriarch Michael I Cerularius.
Along with the chages of the Creed of Faith the West, the years during centuries VII and IX centuries has already put a lot of differences in the East and West Church along doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, and geographical lines so the split was a reflection of all this. The Latin Church was much more power hungry and more progressive for its time and authoritarian, trying to combine the Worldly power with the Spiritual one given by the line of Apostoles from Christ Ceasaris-Papism, where the Eastern Church was governed in the ancient model of the Worldly power in face of Eastern Roman empire Emperor and the Patriarch who was a governor of the Spiritual power. The schism was worsened also by the many Latins raids in the Eastern Empire Christian brothers and the sacking of Constantinople in 8-13 April year 1204. Of course both Wester and Eastern Roman Empire had an appetite for a conquest over the other and often this has lead the secular rulers on both sides to try to manipulate activities of the spiritual leaders of both to work for their interests, but the schism would never occur if the spiritual establishment of the Church which are the Holy Canons (decision of the Ecumenical Councils) were not breached by the Western Church.
One of this breaches of the Ancient canons is the Celebration of Eastern Pascha which says the Christian Pascha should never coincide with Jewish Pascha. However in the Western Church this rule was breached and nowadays The Eastern (The Day of the Resurrection of Christ) in the Roman Catholic Church (Western Church) coincides most of the years with Jewish Pascha (both Roman Catholics and the executors of Christ who never accepted him the Jews celebrate together … a sad fact).

Nowadays most of the Ancient Churches of the East together with the Eastern Orthodox Churches, who are confessing the Faith of Christ such as it was handed by the Saint Fathers has a very specific ancient way of confession of faith similar to the Creed of Faith which was a very common short ancient way to confess the faith when two Christians met it is perhaps originating from the times of the Heresies in the 1st century right after the Christ Crucifix, when the pupil of Christ used it to confirm the Glorious and unexplainable Miracle of the Resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ from the Death in Real Body in the 3rd day from the Grave in the Cave where his body was buried.

The Greeting Formula is the well known in the Eastern Orthodox Churches such as in Bulgaria / Greece / Russia / Serbia etc. Christ is Risen.
On every easter Almost everyone in the Orthodox Christian Countires greats everyone else both in homes on the street at work or anywhere relatives friends and even unfamiliar people who has to do business deeds with the immersely joyful greeting.

ХРИСТОС ВОСКРЕСЕ / CHRIST IS RISEN !!!!! !!!

Then the greeted Person answers back

ВОЙСТИНУ ВОСКРЕСЕ / TRULY HE IS RISEN (INDEED HE IS RISEN) !!!!!!!!

In the Orthodox Churches, believers do greet themselves with this heartful joyful greeting for the whole 40 days after the Feast of Resurrection of Christ.

In Russia, Ukrain, Belarus and the surrounding Slavonic lands there is this tradition that the greeting is repeated 3 times as an interaction between person A and person B, for example.

Person A (3 times) greets:
ХРИСТОС ВОСКРЕСЕ = CHRIST IS RISEN !!!
Person B (3 times) answers:
ВОЙСТИНУ ВОСКРЕСЕ = TRULY HE IS RISEN !!!

Below is a good list with Paschal Resurrection Greeting in multiple languages, for those who has curious polyglot minds who want to learn few words in different languages.

Indo-European languages

Greek: Χριστὸς ἀνέστη! Ἀληθῶς ἀνέστη! (Khristós anésti! Alithós anésti!)

Voskresenie-Gospoda-Nashego-Iisusa-Hrista-Mosaic

Slavic languages

Church Slavonic: Хрїсто́съ воскре́се! Вои́стинꙋ воскре́се! (Xristósŭ voskrése! Voístinu voskrése!

Bulgarian: Христос воскресе! Воистину воскресе! (Khristos voskrese! Voistinu voskrese!), as if in Church Slavonic; Христос възкресе!

Belarusian: Хрыстос уваскрос! Сапраўды ўваскрос! (Chrystos uvaskros! Sapraŭdy ŭvaskros!)

Наистина възкресе! (Khristos vâzkrese! Naistina vâzkrese!) in Modern Bulgarian

In Georgia Christ is risen! Truly is risen would be: " ქრისტე აღსდგა![Qriste Agsdga],—– ჭეშმარიტად! [Cheshmaritad].

Croatian: Krist uskrsnu! Uistinu uskrsnu!

: Kristus vstal z mrtvých! Vpravdě vstal z mrtvých!

Macedonian: Христос воскресе! Навистина воскресе! (Hristos voskrese! Navistina voskrese!), traditional; or Христос воскресна! Навистина воскресна! (Hristos voskresna! Navistina voskresna!)

Polish: Chrystus zmartwychwstał! Prawdziwie zmartwychwstał!

Russian: Христос воскрес(-е)! Воистину воскрес(-е)! (Khristos voskres(-е)! Voistinu voskres(-е)!) (the version with -e is in Church Slavonic, one without it is in modern Russian; both are widely used)

Rusyn: Хрістос воскрес! Воістину воскрес! (Hristos voskres! Voistynu voskres!)

Serbian: Христос васкрсе! Ваистину васкрсе! (Hristos vaskrse! Vaistinu vaskrse!) or Христос воскресе! Ваистину воскресе! (Hristos voskrese! Vaistinu voskrese!)

Slovak: Kristus vstal z mŕtvych! Skutočne vstal (z mŕtvych)! (though the Church Slavonic version is more often used)

Slovene: Kristus je vstal! Zares je vstal!

Ukrainian: Христос воскрес! Воістину воскрес! (Khrystos voskres! Voistynu voskres!)

Tosk Albanian: Krishti u ngjall! Vërtet u ngjall!

Armenian

Western Armenian: Քրիստոս յարեա՜ւ ի մեռելոց: Օրհնեա՜լ է Յարութիւնն Քրիստոսի: (Krisdos haryav i merelotz! Orhnyal e Haroutyunen Krisdosi!)

eastern dialect, Քրիստոս հարյա՜վ ի մեռելոց: Օրհնյա՜լ է Հարությունը Քրիստոսի: (Khristos haryav i merelotz! Orhnyal e Harouthyoune Khristosi!); literally "Christ is risen! Blessed is the resurrection of Christ!")

Germanic languages

Anglic languages

Scots: Christ has ryssyn! Hech aye, he his ain sel!

English: Christ is risen! He is risen indeed! Or Christ is risen! Truly, he is risen!

Old English: Crist is ārisen! Hē is sōþlīċe ārisen!

Middle English: Crist is arisen! Arisen he sothe!

Danish: Kristus er opstanden! Sandelig Han er Opstanden!

West Frisian: Kristus is opstien! Wis is er opstien!

German: Christus ist auferstanden! Er ist wahrhaft auferstanden! or Der Herr ist auferstanden! Er ist wahrhaftig auferstanden!

Icelandic: Kristur er upprisinn! Hann er sannarlega upprisinn!

Faroese: Kristus er upprisin! Hann er sanniliga upprisin!

Low Franconian languages

Dutch: Christus is opgestaan! Hij is waarlijk opgestaan! (Netherlands) or Christus is verrezen! Hij is waarlijk verrezen! (Belgium)

Afrikaans: Christus het opgestaan! Hy het waarlik opgestaan!

Norwegian

Bokmål: Kristus er oppstanden! Han er sannelig oppstanden!

Nynorsk: Kristus er oppstaden! Han er sanneleg oppstaden!

Swedish: Kristus är uppstånden! Han är sannerligen uppstånden!

Italic languages

Latin: Christus resurrexit! Resurrexit vere!

Romance languages

Aromanian: Hristolu anyie! Di alihea anyie!

Catalan: Crist ha ressuscitat! Veritablement ha ressuscitat!

French: Le Christ est ressuscité ! En vérité il est ressuscité! Or Le Christ est ressuscité ! Vraiment il est ressuscité !

Galician: Cristo resucitou! De verdade resucitou!

Italian: Cristo è risorto! È veramente risorto!

Portuguese: Cristo ressuscitou! Em verdade ressuscitou! or Cristo ressuscitou! Ressuscitou verdadeiramente!

Arpitan: Lo Crist es ressuscitat! En veritat es ressuscitat!

Romanian: Hristos a înviat! Adevărat a înviat!

Romansh: Cristo es rinaschieu! In varded, el es rinaschieu!

Sardinian: Cristu est resuscitadu! Aberu est resuscitadu!

Sicilian: Cristu arrivisciutu esti! Pibbiru arrivisciutu esti!

Spanish: ¡Cristo resucitó! ¡En verdad resucitó!

Walloon: Li Crist a raviké! Il a raviké podbon!

Baltic languages

Latvian: Kristus (ir) augšāmcēlies! Patiesi (viņš ir) augšāmcēlies!

Lithuanian: Kristus prisikėlė! Tikrai prisikėlė!

Celtic languages

Goidelic languages

Old Irish: Asréracht Críst! Asréracht Hé-som co dearb!

Irish: Tá Críost éirithe! Go deimhin, tá sé éirithe!

Manx: Taw Creest Ereen! Taw Shay Ereen Guhdyne!

Scottish Gaelic: Tha Crìosd air èiridh! Gu dearbh, tha e air èiridh!

Brythonic languages

Breton:Dassoret eo Krist! E wirionez dassoret eo!

Cornish: Thew Creest dassorez! En weer thewa dassorez!

Welsh: Atgyfododd Crist! Yn wir atgyfododd!

Indo-Iranian languages

Ossetian:Чырысти райгас! Æцæгæй райгас! Or бæлвырд райгас! (Ḱyrysti rajgas! Æcægæj rajgas or bælvyrd rajgas!)

Persian: مسیح برخاسته است! به راستی برخاسته است!‎ (Masih barkhaste ast! Be rasti barkhaste ast!)

Hindi: येसु मसीह ज़िन्दा हो गया है! हाँ यक़ीनन, वोह ज़िन्दा हो गय یسوع مسیح زندہ ہو گیا ہے! ہاں یقیناً، وہ زندہ ہو گیا ہے!‎ (Yesu Masīh zindā ho gayā hai! Hā̃ yaqīnan, voh zindā ho gayā hai!)

Marathi: Yeshu Khrist uthla ahe! Kharokhar uthla ahe!

Abkhazian: Kyrsa Dybzaheit! Itzzabyrgny Dybzaheit!

Afro-Asiatic languages

Semitic languages

Standard Arabic: المسيح قام! حقا قام!‎ (al-Masīḥ qām! Ḥaqqan qām!) or المسيح قام! بالحقيقة قام! (al-Masīḥ qām! Bi-l-ḥaqīqati qām!)

Aramaic languages

Classical Syriac: ܡܫܝܚܐ ܩܡ! ܫܪܝܪܐܝܬ ܩܡ!‎ (Mshiḥa qām! sharīrāīth qām! or Mshiḥo Qom! Shariroith Qom!)

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܡܫܝܚܐ ܩܡܠܗ! ܒܗܩܘܬܐ ܩܡܠܗ!‎ (Mshikha qimlih! bhāqota qimlih!)

Turoyo: ܡܫܝܚܐ ܩܝܡ! ܫܪܥܪܐܝܬ ܩܝܡ!‎ (Mshiḥo qāyem! Shariroith qāyem!)

East African languages

Tigrinya: Christos tensiou! Bahake tensiou!

Amharic: Kristos Tenestwal! Bergit Tenestwal!

Hebrew: המשיח קם! באמת קם!‎ (Hameshiach qam! Be'emet qam!)

Maltese: Kristu qam! Huwa qam tassew! or Kristu qam mill-mewt! Huwa qam tassew!

Egyptian

Coptic: (Pi'Christos aftonf! Khen oumetmi aftonf!)

Judeo-Berber: Lmasih yahye-d ger lmeytin! Stidet yahye-d ger lmeytin!

Dravidian languages

Tamil: கிறிஸ்து உயிர்த்தெழுந்தார், மெய்யாகவே அவர் உயிர்த்தெழுந்தார்.

Malayalam: ക്രിസ്തു ഉയിര്ത്തെഴുന്നേറ്റു! തീര്ച്ചയായും ഉയിര്ത്തെഴുന്നേറ്റു! (Christu uyirthezhunnettu! Theerchayayum uyirthezhunnettu!)

Eskimo–Aleut languages

Aleut: Kristusaaq Aglagikuk! Angangulakan Aglagikuk!

Pacific Gulf Yupik: Kristusaq ungwektaq! Pichinuq ungwektaq!

Central Yupik: Kristuussaaq unguirtuq! Ilumun unguirtuq!

Mayan languages

Tzotzil: Icha'kuxi Kajvaltik Kristo! Ta melel icha'kuxi!

Tzeltal: Cha'kuxaj Kajwaltik Kristo! Ta melel cha'kuxaj!

Austronesian languages

Malayo-Polynesian

Batak: Tuhan nunga hehe! Tutu do ibana hehe!

Carolinian: Lios a melau sefal! Meipung, a mahan sefal!

Cebuano: Nabanhaw Si Kristo! Nabanhaw gayud!

Waray: Hi Kristo nabanwaw! Matuod nga Hiya nabanhaw!

Chamorro: La'la'i i Kristo! Magahet na luma'la' i Kristo!

Fijian: Na Karisito tucake tale! Io sa tucake tale!

Filipino: Nabuhay muli Si Kristo! Nabuhay talaga!

Hawaiian: Ua ala hou ʻo Kristo! Ua ala ʻiʻo nō ʻo Ia!

Indonesian: Kristus telah bangkit! Dia benar-benar telah bangkit!

Kapampangan: Y Kristû sinûbli yáng mèbié! Sinûbli ya pin mèbié!

Malagasy: Nitsangana tamin'ny maty i Kristy! Nitsangana marina tokoa izy!

Cook Islands Māori: Kuo toetu’u ‘ae Eiki! ‘Io kuo toetu’u mo’oni!

Austroasiatic languages: Mon-Khmer

: Preah Christ mean preah choan rous leong vinh! trung mean preah choan rous leong vinh men!

Vietnamese

: Chúa Ki-tô đã sống lại! Ngài đã sống lại thật!

Thai

Thai: พระคริสต์เป็นขึ้นจากความตาย! or พระคริสต์ทรงกลับคืนพระชนม์ชีพ!

Basque

Basque: Cristo Berbiztua! Benetan Berbiztua!

Japanese

Japanese: ハリストス復活！実に復活！ (Harisutosu fukkatsu! Jitsu ni fukkatsu!)

Korean

Korean 그리스도 부활하셨네! 참으로 부활하셨네! (Geuriseudo buhwalhasyeonne! Chameuro buhwalhasyeonne!)

Na-Dené languages

Athabaskan languages

Navajo: Christ daaztsą́ą́dę́ę́ʼ náádiidzáá! Tʼáá aaníí daaztsą́ą́dę́ę́ʼ náádiidzáá!

Tlingit: Xristos Kuxwoo-digoot! Xegaa-kux Kuxwoo-digoot!

Niger–Congo languages

: Kristo Ajukkide! Kweli Ajukkide!

Swahili: Kristo Amefufuka! Amefufuka kweli kweli!

Gikuyu: Kristo ni muriuku! Ni muriuku nema!

Quechuan languages

Quechua: Cristo causarimpunña! Ciertopuni causarimpunña!

Mongolic languages

Classical Mongolian: Есүс дахин амилсан, Тэр үнэхээр амилсан! (Yesus dahin amilsan, ter uneheer amilsan)

Turkic languages

Turkish: Mesih dirildi! Hakikaten dirildi!

Uyghur: ‫ئەيسا تىرىلدى! ھەقىقەتىنلا تىرىلدى!‬‎ (Əysa tirildi! Ⱨəⱪiⱪətinla tirildi!)

Azerbaijani: Məsih dirildi! Həqiqətən dirildi!

Chuvash: Христос чĕрĕлнĕ! Чăн чĕрĕлнĕ! (Hristos čĕrĕlnĕ! Čyn čĕrĕlnĕ!)

Khakas: Христос тірілді! Сыннаң тірілді! (Hristos tíríldí! Sınnañ tíríldí!)

Uzbek: Масих тирилди! Хақиқатдан тирилди! (Masih tirildi! Haqiqatdan tirildi!)

Sino-Tibetan languages

Chinese: 基督復活了！他確實復活了！ (Jīdū fùhuó-le! Tā quèshí fùhuó-le!) or 耶穌復活了，真的他復活了！ (Yēsū fùhuó-le, Zhēnde tā fùhuó-le!)

Uralic languages

Estonian: Kristus on üles tõusnud! Tõesti on üles tõusnud!

Finnish: Kristus nousi kuolleista! Totisesti nousi!

Hungarian: Krisztus feltámadt! Valóban feltámadt!

Karelian: Hristos nouzi kuollielois! Tovessah nouzi!

Constructed languages

International auxiliary languages

Esperanto: Kristo leviĝis! Vere Li leviĝis!

Ido: Kristo riviveskabas! Ya Il rivivesakabas!

Interlingua: Christo ha resurgite! Vermente ille ha resurgite! or Christo ha resurrecte! Vermente ille ha resurrecte!

Quenya: (Hristo Ortane! Anwave Ortanes!)

Klingon: Hu'ta' QISt! Hu'bejta'!

Tags: about, action, adding, after, again, against, aim, ALL, amen, American, ancient churches, and, anno, Apostles, Arabic, are, around, attempt, Aug, BACK, Batak Tuhan, Below, christ risen, Church Slavonic Xrist, Classical Mongolian, due, French Le Christ, holy ghost, how many orthodox churches, orthodox easter, roman catholic easter, roman catholics, Slavonic, times, truly
Posted in Christianity, Various | 5 Comments »

Debugging Jitsi Meet Server Problems: A Practical Guide

Saturday, April 26th, 2025

Jitsi Meet is a powerful open-source video conferencing platform. But like any real-time communication system, it can run into issues—from video/audio glitches to full-blown connection failures. Debugging Jitsi Meet can be tricky due to its multi-component architecture. This guide walks you through a systematic approach to identify and resolve common server-side issues.

1. Understand the Architecture

Before diving into logs, it's important to understand Jitsi Meet's core components:

Jitsi Meet (Web UI) – The front-end interface.
Jicofo (Focus component) – Manages conference sessions.
Prosody (XMPP Server) – Handles user authentication and signaling.
JVB (Jitsi Videobridge) – Routes video/audio streams.
Nginx or Apache – Web server proxy (often with HTTPS and WebSocket forwarding).

Knowing how these interact helps pinpoint the failing layer.

2. Check Logs in the Right Places

Each component has its own logs. Check them in the following order:

✅ Prosody Logs

Location: /var/log/prosody/prosody.log and prosody.err
Look for: Authentication issues, connection denials, or component registration problems.

✅ Jicofo Logs

Location: /var/log/jitsi/jicofo.log
Look for: Room creation errors, XMPP connection failures, conference creation attempts.

✅ JVB Logs

Location: /var/log/jitsi/jvb.log
Look for: ICE failures, STUN/TURN issues, packet loss, and bridge reachability.

✅ Web Server Logs (Nginx/Apache)

Location (Nginx): /var/log/nginx/error.log and access.log
Look for: HTTP errors (404, 502), WebSocket connection problems.

✅ Browser Console Logs

Tools: Press F12 in browser → Console/Network tabs.
Look for: WebSocket failures, CORS issues, or media permission problems.

3. Common Problems & Fixes

"Failed to join conference"

Cause: Prosody may not be running or not configured correctly.

Fix: Restart Prosody and check domain configuration in /etc/prosody/conf.avail/

No Audio or Video

Usual Cause: Media not reaching the bridge or blocked by firewall

Fix:

Verify JVB is listening on correct ports (UDP 10000).
Check firewall/NAT settings (especially on cloud VMs).
Use tcpdump or ss to check traffic flow.

WebSocket Connection Fails

Usual Cause: Web server (Proxy) misconfiguration.

Fix:

Ensure Nginx is forwarding WebSocket requests to /xmpp-websocket/ .
Add proper proxy settings in nginx.conf

Authentication Not Working

Cause: Misconfigured JWT or internal authentication.

Fix:

Check Prosody's config for authentication method.
If using JWT, verify token structure and shared secret.

4. Use Debugging Tools

Jitsi Meet in debug mode:

Add #config.debug=true to your meeting URL.

ICE Debugging:

Check about:webrtc (Firefox) or WebRTC Internals (Chrome).
Look at ICE candidate gathering and connectivity checks.
Test TURN/STUN:
- Use tools like trickle-ice to validate your server's ICE configuration.

5. Networking and Firewall Checks

Make sure these ports are open:

TCP 443 – HTTPS
UDP 10000 – Media (JVB)
TCP 4443 – (Optional, fallback media)
TCP 5222 – XMPP (if not using BOSH/WebSocket)

# ss -tuln ufw status

6. Component Health Checks

Do
# systemctl status for each main jitsi component services:

# systemctl status prosody # systemctl status jicofo # systemctl status jitsi-videobridge2

Check uptime, errors, or failure restarts.

7. Enable More Verbose Logs

Increase logging levels for deeper debugging:

Prosody: Edit /etc/prosody/prosody.cfg.lua → set log = { ... debug = "*" }.
Jicofo/JVB: Edit /etc/jitsi/jicofo/logging.properties and /etc/jitsi/videobridge/logging.properties
→ change log level to FINE or ALL .

8. Update & Restart Services

Sometimes updates or configs don’t apply until services are restarted:

# apt update && apt upgrade systemctl restart prosody jicofo jitsi-videobridge2 nginx

Final Closure Thoughts

Debugging Jitsi Meet requires a structured approach, start from the user-facing symptoms, trace through each service, and verify network and authentication configurations.
Debug the status of prosody, jicofo and jitsi-videobridge2, check the firewall openings are okay to the jitsi server
With some log analysis and a bit of patience, experimentation and the help of forums or Artificial Intelligence tool like ChatGPT, the Jitsi server errors will get solved.

Tags: about, access, ALL, amp, and, ANY, authentication, Cause Prosody, configured, errors, Firewall Checks, HTTPS, Location Nginx, logging, look, Prosody Logs, proxy settings, status, systemctl, traffic flow
Posted in Linux, Linux and FreeBSD Desktop, Linux Audio & Video, System Administration | No Comments »

How to Install Jitsi Meet on Debian Linux to have your own free software video conferencing secure server

Thursday, April 24th, 2025

jitsi-meet-create-new-room-for-video-meetings-linux

Jitsi Meet is a free, open-source video conferencing platform that allows you to host secure and scalable video calls both using a Mobile Phone / Tablet / PC or any other electronic device for which jitsi client has available port. Jitsi meet is the best free alternative one can get to Rakuten Viber / Facebook (Meta) / Zoom / Apples' Facetime etc.
What makes Jitsi really worthy is it can make your Video streaming communication give you flexibility to keep your communication a little bit private and harder to be captured than if you use the general Video streaming platforms.
Jitsi is also a very simple to use and can be used either with a Desktop Client on Windows / Linux and Mac OS or Smart Phone running Android (Samsung / Huawei etc.) or iOS (iPhones) you can configure to use the Jitsi server or directly via a SSL encryption secured web URL address. The only thing i really don't like about Jitsi is it uses Java and its way of work is cryptic just like it is pretty hard to debug or understand exactly how the software works, as when errors came the usual crazzy Java exceptions are filling the jitsi logs.

In below short guide, I'll try provides a simple step-by-step instructions for installing Jitsi Meet on a Debian-based systems, hoping that anyone can benefit from Jitsi by building his own server.

What you should have before you start buillding your new Jitsi meet server

Before you begin, ensure that your system meets the following requirements:

A fresh installation of Debian 10 (Buster) or newer.
A non-root user with sudo privileges.
A fully updated system.
A domain name pointing to your server's IP address.
OpenJDK 11 installed.

To get a better understanding on how Jitsi meet works it is worthy to take a quick look on Jitsi Architectural diagram:

1. Update Your System

Start by updating your system's package list and upgrading existing packages:

# apt update sudo apt upgrade -y

2. Install Required Dependencies

Install the necessary packages for adding repositories and managing keys:

# apt install apt-transport-https curl gnupg2 -y

3 Add Jitsi Repository

Add the Jitsi repository key to your system:

# curl https://download.jitsi.org/jitsi-key.gpg.key | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/jitsi-keyring.gpg

Then, add the Jitsi repository:

# echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/jitsi-keyring.gpg] https://download.jitsi.org stable/" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/jitsi-stable.list > /dev/null

Update your package list to include the Jitsi repository into apt database:

# apt update

4. Install Jitsi Meet

Install the Jitsi Meet package:

# apt install jitsi-meet -y

During installation, you'll be prompted to:

Enter the hostname: Provide your domain name (e.g., meet.example.com ).
Choose SSL certificate: Select "Generate a new self-signed certificate" or "Obtain a Let's Encrypt certificate" if you have a valid domain.Jitsi Scaleway

If you opt for Let's Encrypt, ensure that ports 80 and 443 are open on your firewall.

5. Configure Firewall openings

If you have already a configured firewall to filter out traffic, open the necessary ports to allow traffic to your Jitsi Meet server from your router or entry firewall device as well as on the Linux itself:

Allow access to SSH server

# ufw allow 22/tcp

Allow access to HTTP unecrypted to Jitsi meet server

# ufw allow 80/tcp # ufw allow 443/tcp

Allow access necessery for proper operation of Jitsi VideoBridge (port range 10000 to 20000)

# ufw allow 10000:20000/udp # ufw enable

Verify the firewall status is Okay

# ufw status

6. Access Jitsi Meet in a browser

Open a web browser and navigate to your server's domain or IP address:

https://meet.your-custom-domain-or-IP.com

Hopefully all is okay and You should see the Jitsi Meet interface, where you can start or join a meeting.

7. Secure Conference Creation (Optional extra)

By default, anyone can create a conference. To restrict this:

Install and configure Prosody for authentication.
For those who don't know Prosody is a modern XMPP communication server
Set up secure domains and configure authentication settings.

For detailed instructions, refer to the Jitsi DevOps Guide.

Conclusion

Now You should have successfully installed Jitsi Meet on your Debian server.
Installing to Ubuntu and Redhat OSes such as Fedora or Redhat based distros should be not much difrerent from on this guide, except you have to use
the correct RPM repositories.

Now you can further now host secure video conferences using your own infrastructure and have an increased privacy and perhaps be more calm that the CIA or Mussat, MI6 / FSB might be not spying your Video conference talks (except if they don't already do it on an OS level which most likely the case but this doesn't matter. :).

For advanced configurations and features, consult the Jitsi Handbook and the Jitsi DevOps Guide.Jitsi

That's all folks Enjoy !

Tags: about, access, Access Jitsi Meet, bash, Configure Firewall, configured, domain name, firewall, free software, host, Install Jitsi Meet, ip, list, packages, server, Set, sudo, system, video conferences, web browser
Posted in Linux, Linux and FreeBSD Desktop, Linux Audio & Video | No Comments »

How to reboot stuck Iphone due to Appstore unable to close Pop-up

Friday, November 22nd, 2024

Recently Sonya Ankova which is the most famous youtuber that shares tons video on Orthodox Christianity and friend of mine has bought a brand new IPhone 13. As she is a complete startup with Iphone, just like i was in the old days, she had no idea how to configure the Phone Basics.
She as as a partially technical person do to the constant use of Computers to Edit and Create Videos captured Videos on her Camera and compile videos on various interesting topics on what is the Orthodox Christian believer approach to thinking and life philosophy, managed to Upgrade the Software of Iphone via WI-Fi connection to the latests shipped updates by Iphone and setup some very basic settings on the new Phone, in her desperate update to Migrate her old Android Phone to the new Iphone, but did not managed to completely succeed.

Thus as I already have some experience on setting up, my personal phone and 2 more friends iPhones I already had some knowledge and started configuring her Phone.

As a first logical step to be able to do anything further on the phone of course i had to configure AppStore and started creating her iCloud user that is as usually necessery for login and use of Apple Appstore Magazine.

First on trying to login to AppStore without still having the iCloud created by automatism the phone got locked up exactly on the screen where i have to fill in user login data and pass credentials and this annoying pop-up stayed on the screen even after trying to unlock and i couldn't remove the annoying thing in any way thus I had to find a way to resolve the issue and be able to reboot the phone and unlock and try to fill in the App store new account just created credentials from icloud.com, but that was not possible.

One approach of course is to wait for the Phone to Discharge on couple of days, but i needed a quick fix to continue with setup the phone so after quick googling I found the work around to such buggy stuff by forcing the Iphone to restart itself forcably.

On Iphone that is easy by:

iphone 12 buttons front copy

1. Quickly press and release the Volume Up button.

2. Quickly press and release the Volume Down button.

3. Press and hold the Side (right) button until the Apple logo appears, then release the Side button.

Not that the side right Phone button has to be kept press for about 15 to 30 secs to force the restart, otherwise just the restart
phone Prompt slider appears and you have to slide left to make the Phone restart (the slider did not work, however as the Pop Up from AppStore was blocking me to do anything on the Iphone screen.

After reboot the Phone booted normal and the PopUp from Appstore was no more and Unlocking the screen was possible with configured FaceID Recognition or PIN code unlock prompt.

I've read online that the Same Force Restart iPhone trick is very useful and very much loved by many people,

if due to Bugs or whatever your iPhone is dead frozen and doesn’t want to turn on.

There is a bug in recent generations of iPhones that you might want to be aware of, especially when traveling and heavily relying on your smartphone.

It might happen that all of a sudden your iPhone doesn't turn back on.

If the iPhone isn't responding and you can't turn it off and on, try forcing it to restart.

If Iphone Biten Apple doesn't rise up, don't hurry to you panic, make sure the iPhone is sufficiently charged by connecting it to a known good charger for at least 15 minutes.

Hope this little article helps someone with IPhone stuck, enjoy !

Tags: about, Account, after, ALL, and, annoying, annoying thing, ANY, apple, around, first, How to, IPhone, life philosophy, login, release, screen, trying, use, Videos
Posted in Linux, Mobile Phone Apps & Games, Various | No Comments »

How to install and use WSL 2 Windows native Linux emulation Debian and Ubuntu Linux on Windows 10 / Windows 11

Thursday, October 31st, 2024

WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux) is perhaps relatively rarely known to the old school sys admins rats who usually use stuff like QEMU / KVM for Windows or Virtualbox / VMWare for Host machine.
However most people most lileky heard but never used or heard about the native (container like) virtualization WSL which was introduced in Windows 10 and Windows 11 as an attempt from Microsoft to improve the interoperability between Windows and Linux.
WSL version 1 and ver 2 allows Microsoft Windows for using a Linux environment without the need for a separate virtual machine.

In Windows 10, it is existing in Windows 10 Professional version can be installed either by joining the Windows Insider program or manually via Microsoft Store or Winget.
Hence perhaps you don't know that WSL virtualization can be used by those who want to mix Linux and Windows or for example get an advantages against dual-boot (installing Linux and Windows on the same computer).
Even better most significant WSL pros is you can literally running both systems at the same time without the need to run or stop every software that’s running and reboot to another system.

Procedure to set up a WSL is simple and similar to setting up a real Linux OS, therefore this guide can also be used as a reference to Linux setup.The specifications of WSL setup procedure are mainly in Install WSL and then setup any packages you would like to use for example if you want to be able to access remotely the WSL emulated Debian / Ubuntu or other of the installable distros via OpenSSH server.

1. Requirements to install and use WSL Linux emulation

To have the wsl subsystem used on Windows 10 or Windows 11 requirements:

You must be running Windows 10 version 2004 and higher (Build 19041 and higher) or Windows 11 to use the commands below. If you are on earlier versions please see the manual install page.

2. List available installable Linux distributions

WSL subsystem has ported only a certain set of Linux distributions, so if you need a very specific and unique Linux distribution, you would perhaps need to use Hyper-V virtualization or Virtualbox / VMWare.
However for people like me who are mainly using Debian GNU / Linux on daily basis as well as some OracleLinux admins / SUSE it is a perfect solution.

PS C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0> wsl –list –online
The following is a list of valid distributions that can be installed.
Install using 'wsl.exe –install <Distro>'.

NAME FRIENDLY NAME
Ubuntu Ubuntu
Debian Debian GNU/Linux
kali-linux Kali Linux Rolling
Ubuntu-18.04 Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
Ubuntu-20.04 Ubuntu 20.04 LTS
Ubuntu-22.04 Ubuntu 22.04 LTS
Ubuntu-24.04 Ubuntu 24.04 LTS
OracleLinux_7_9 Oracle Linux 7.9
OracleLinux_8_7 Oracle Linux 8.7
OracleLinux_9_1 Oracle Linux 9.1
openSUSE-Leap-15.6 openSUSE Leap 15.6
SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-15-SP5 SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 SP5
SUSE-Linux-Enterprise-15-SP6 SUSE Linux Enterprise 15 SP6
openSUSE-Tumbleweed openSUSE Tumbleweed

3. Install Linux distribution for a first time

PS C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0> wsl –install

The default Linux distribution that will get installed inside WLS Virtlualization is Ubuntu.

4. Install Debian GNU / Linux distribution as a second distro

PS C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0> wsl –install Debian

That second installed distro would make Debian now the default one to boot by WSL.

To run the fresh installed Debian GNU / Linux distribution, run only wsl command with no arguments.

# wsl

PS C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0> wsl –set-version Debian 2
For information on key differences with WSL 2 please visit https://aka.ms/wsl2
Conversion in progress, this may take a few minutes.
The distribution is already the requested version.
Error code: Wsl/Service/WSL_E_VM_MODE_INVALID_STATE
PS C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0> wsl –set-version 2
There is no distribution with the supplied name.
Error code: Wsl/Service/WSL_E_DISTRO_NOT_FOUND
PS C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0>

Simply pressting CTRL + D from the actively running WSL emulated Linux (that is pretty much like a native Windows docker container if we have to compare to Linux) would stop the VM.

5. List runnable / installed VM Linux distributions

To list the available runnable Linux VMs on your Windows status on Windows Subsystem for Linux:

PS C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0> wsl –list –verbose
NAME STATE VERSION
* Debian Stopped 2
Ubuntu Stopped 2
PS C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0>

6. Run and check recent installed Linux distribution version

wsl2-windows-virtualization-install-virtual-machine-debian4

To run the newly install Debian Virtualized Linux (which as you can see is the default set distribution to run by WSL virtualization) simply type

PS C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0> wsl

hipo@PC2LP3:/mnt/c/Windows/System32/WindowsPowerShell/v1.0$hipo@WL-2SLPWL3:/mnt/c/Windows/System32/WindowsPowerShell/v1.0$ cd ~
hipo@PC2LP3:~$

hipo@PC2LP3:~$ cat /etc/os-release
PRETTY_NAME="Debian GNU/Linux 12 (bookworm)"
NAME="Debian GNU/Linux"
VERSION_ID="12"
VERSION="12 (bookworm)"
VERSION_CODENAME=bookworm
ID=debian
HOME_URL="https://www.debian.org/"
SUPPORT_URL="https://www.debian.org/support"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.debian.org/"
hipo@WL-2SLPWL3:~$

7. Update the Debian distribuion packages to latest available

hipo@PC2LP3:~$ sudo su – root
hipo@PC2LP3:~# apt update –fix-missing

8. Install openssh server to be able to connect to the WSL hosted Virtual Machine

hipo@PC2LP3:/home/hipo# apt install openssh-server –yes
…

windows-wsl-linux-emulation

root@PC2LP3:/home/hipo# systemctl start openssh-server telnet
System has not been booted with systemd as init system (PID 1). Can't operate.
Failed to connect to bus: Host is down
root@WL-2SLPWL3:/home/hipo# /etc/init.d/ssh start
Starting OpenBSD Secure Shell server: sshd.
root@WL-2SLPWL3:/home/hipo# ps -ef|grep -i ssh
root 30 9 0 18:19 ? 00:00:00 sshd: /usr/sbin/sshd [listener] 0 of 10-100 startups
root 32 15 0 18:20 pts/1 00:00:00 grep -i ssh

windows-wsl-linux-emulation

By default a fresh new installed VM would have a process list like below:

root@PC2LP3:/home/hipo# ps axuwef

wsl2-windows-virtualization-install-virtual-machine-debian7

To be able to have ifconfig and a number of other network tools it is useful to install net-tools package

root@PC2LP3:/home/hipo# apt install net-tools –yes
…

root@PC2LP3:/home/hipo# /sbin/ifconfig
…

Once the WSL VM and OpenSSHD is run you can try to telnet or ssh to the VM locally or remotely.

root@PC2LP3:/home/hipo# telnet localhost 22
Trying 127.0.0.1…
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_9.2p1 Debian-2+deb12u3

9. Run commands directly from Windows command line or Powershell

You can also use the powershell to run commands via the virtualized Linux environment using simple syntax

# wsl [cmd-to-run]

PS C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0> wsl ls /
bin dev home lib lost+found mnt proc run srv tmp var
boot etc init lib64 media opt root sbin sys usr
PS C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0> wsl ps -ef
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 1 0 0 18:07 hvc0 00:00:00 /init
root 5 1 0 18:07 hvc0 00:00:00 plan9 –control-socket 5 –log-level 4 –server-fd 6 –pipe-fd 8 –log-t
root 8 1 0 18:07 ? 00:00:00 /init
root 9 8 0 18:07 ? 00:00:00 /init
hipo 10 9 0 18:07 pts/0 00:00:00 ps -ef
PS C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0>

10. Enable systemd on Linux distribution in WSL 2

Once you boot into the WSL installed distro shell edit /etc/wsl.conf:

$ vim /etc/wsl.conf

[boot]
systemd=true

11. Setting extra useful variables to boot the WSL emulated Linux VM

root@debian-wsl:/home/hipo# cat /etc/wsl.conf
[boot]
systemd=true

# Automatically mount Windows drive when the distribution is launched
[automount]

# Set to true will automount fixed drives (C:/ or D:/) with DrvFs under the root directory set above. Set to false means drives won't be mounted automatically, but need to be mounted manually or with fstab.
enabled = true

# Sets the directory where fixed drives will be automatically mounted. This example changes the mount location, so your C-drive would be /c, rather than the default /mnt/c.
root = /

# DrvFs-specific options can be specified.
options = "metadata,uid=1003,gid=1003,umask=077,fmask=11,case=off"

# Sets the `/etc/fstab` file to be processed when a WSL distribution is launched.
mountFsTab = true

# Network host settings that enable the DNS server used by WSL 2. This example changes the hostname, sets generateHosts to false, preventing WSL from the default behavior of auto-generating /etc/hosts, and sets generateResolvConf to false, preventing WSL from auto-generating /etc/resolv.conf, so that you can create your own (ie. nameserver 1.1.1.1).
[network]
hostname = debian-wsl
generateHosts = true
generateResolvConf = true

# Set whether WSL supports interop processes like launching Windows apps and adding path variables. Setting these to false will block the launch of Windows processes and block adding $PATH environment variables.
[interop]
enabled = false
appendWindowsPath = false

# Set the user when launching a distribution with WSL.
[user]
default = hipo

# Set a command to run when a new WSL instance launches. This example starts the Docker container service.
#[boot]
#command = service docker start
root@debian-wsl:/home/hipo#

To learn about on Advanced settings configuration in WSL check out official Microsoft documentation here

12. Shutting down a running emulated Linux VM

If you have run a WSL VM and you want to shut it down do:

# wsl shutdown

If you at a point want to delete / uninstall the installed distribution you can do

# wsl –terminate Distro_Name
# wsl –uninstall Distro_Name

Or you if you want to do a cleanup of the stored files inside the installed distribution (if you have stored files), do:

# wsl –unregister Distro_Name

For more in depth details check out the manual

PS C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0> wsl –help
Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
For privacy information about this product please visit https://aka.ms/privacy.

Usage: wsl.exe [Argument] [Options…] [CommandLine]

Arguments for running Linux binaries:

If no command line is provided, wsl.exe launches the default shell.

–exec, -e <CommandLine>
Execute the specified command without using the default Linux shell.

–shell-type <standard|login|none>
Execute the specified command with the provided shell type.

—
Pass the remaining command line as-is.

Options:
–cd <Directory>
Sets the specified directory as the current working directory.
If ~ is used the Linux user's home path will be used. If the path begins
with a / character, it will be interpreted as an absolute Linux path.
Otherwise, the value must be an absolute Windows path.

–distribution, -d <Distro>
Run the specified distribution.

–user, -u <UserName>
Run as the specified user.

–system
Launches a shell for the system distribution.

Arguments for managing Windows Subsystem for Linux:

–help
Display usage information.

–debug-shell
Open a WSL2 debug shell for diagnostics purposes.

–install [Distro] [Options…]
Install a Windows Subsystem for Linux distribution.
For a list of valid distributions, use 'wsl.exe –list –online'.

Options:
–no-launch, -n
Do not launch the distribution after install.

–web-download
Download the distribution from the internet instead of the Microsoft Store.

–no-distribution
Only install the required optional components, does not install a distribution.

–enable-wsl1
Enable WSL1 support.

–manage <Distro> <Options…>
Changes distro specific options.

Options:
–move <Location>
Move the distribution to a new location.

–set-sparse, -s <true|false>
Set the vhdx of distro to be sparse, allowing disk space to be automatically reclaimed.

–mount <Disk>
Attaches and mounts a physical or virtual disk in all WSL 2 distributions.

Options:
–vhd
Specifies that <Disk> refers to a virtual hard disk.

–bare
Attach the disk to WSL2, but don't mount it.

–name <Name>
Mount the disk using a custom name for the mountpoint.

–type <Type>
Filesystem to use when mounting a disk, if not specified defaults to ext4.

–options <Options>
Additional mount options.

–partition <Index>
Index of the partition to mount, if not specified defaults to the whole disk.

–set-default-version <Version>
Changes the default install version for new distributions.

–shutdown
Immediately terminates all running distributions and the WSL 2
lightweight utility virtual machine.

–status
Show the status of Windows Subsystem for Linux.

–unmount [Disk]
Unmounts and detaches a disk from all WSL2 distributions.
Unmounts and detaches all disks if called without argument.

–uninstall
Uninstalls the Windows Subsystem for Linux package from this machine.

–update
Update the Windows Subsystem for Linux package.

Options:
–pre-release
Download a pre-release version if available.

–version, -v
Display version information.

Arguments for managing distributions in Windows Subsystem for Linux:

–export <Distro> <FileName> [Options]
Exports the distribution to a tar file.
The filename can be – for stdout.

Options:
–vhd
Specifies that the distribution should be exported as a .vhdx file.

–import <Distro> <InstallLocation> <FileName> [Options]
Imports the specified tar file as a new distribution.
The filename can be – for stdin.

Options:
–version <Version>
Specifies the version to use for the new distribution.

–vhd
Specifies that the provided file is a .vhdx file, not a tar file.
This operation makes a copy of the .vhdx file at the specified install location.

–import-in-place <Distro> <FileName>
Imports the specified .vhdx file as a new distribution.
This virtual hard disk must be formatted with the ext4 filesystem type.

–list, -l [Options]
Lists distributions.

Options:
–all
List all distributions, including distributions that are
currently being installed or uninstalled.

–running
List only distributions that are currently running.

–quiet, -q
Only show distribution names.

–verbose, -v
Show detailed information about all distributions.

–online, -o
Displays a list of available distributions for install with 'wsl.exe –install'.

–set-default, -s <Distro>
Sets the distribution as the default.

–set-version <Distro> <Version>
Changes the version of the specified distribution.

–terminate, -t <Distro>
Terminates the specified distribution.

–unregister <Distro>
Unregisters the distribution and deletes the root filesystem.
PS C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0>

Once wsl is installed you can run it directly from Windows start menu, by searching for the name of the distribution you would like to run for example to run my Debian WSL running emulator::

Sum it up

What was shown up is how to run in parallel virtualized Linux distribution on Windows 10 and Windows 11 and how to install update to latest and run opensshd server to be able to ssh into the WSL Linux virtual machine remotely.
.Also i've shown you, How to test ssh is reachable and how to stop / start or destroy and cleanup any stored files for VM if necessery, as well as how to apply some extra advanced configurations to boot VM for.

Using WSL is not the best virtualization ever but anyways it is an alternative for people employed in Domain attached Windows PCs part of Big Corporations, where VirtualBox use is blocked / prohibited and you still need to experiment or develop Shell scripts or software on Python / Perl / Ruby on Linux before you do stuff on the PreProd or Production Linux host.

That's all folks, Enjoy ! 🙂

Tags: about, access, Admins, com, Connected, Debian Ubuntu, Debian Virtualized Linux, distributions, emulator, Failed, How to, linux?, Lists, procedure, reference, running, setting, use, Windows, WSL
Posted in Debian, Educational, Linux, Various, Virtual Machines, Windows | 1 Comment »

How to split large files in Windows via split command line and File Archive GUI tool easily

Tuesday, October 22nd, 2024

Moving around a very large files especially Virtualbox Virtual Machines or other VM formats between Windows host and OneDrive might be a problem due to either Azure Cloud configured limitations, or other reasons that your company Domain Administrator has configured, thus if you have to migrate your old Hardware Laptop PC Windows 10 to a newer faster better Harware / Better Performance Notebook Computer with Windows 11 and you still want to keep and move your old large files in this short and trivial article, will explain how.

The topic is easily and most of novice sysadmins should have already be faced to bump into something like this but anyways i found useful to mention about Git for Windows, as it is really useful too thus wrote this small article.

The moved huge files, in my case an experimental Virtual Machines Images which I needed to somehow migrate on the new Freshly installed Windows laptop, the Large files were 40 / 80 etc. Gigabytes or whatever large amount of files from your PC to the Cloud Onedrive and of course the most straight forward thing i tried was to simply add the file for inclusion into the Onedrive storage (via OneDrive tool setup interface), however this file, failed due to OneDrive Cloud file format security limitations or Antivirus solutions configured to filter out the large file copying or even a prohibition to be able to include any kind of Virtual Machines ISOs straight into the cloud.

With this big files comes the question:

How to copy the Virtual Machines from your Old Hardware Laptop to the Cloud (without being able to use an external SSD Hard Drive or a USB SSD Flash drive, due to Domain policy configured for your windows to be unable to copy to externally connected Drive but only to read from such.) ?

Here are few sample approaches to do it both from command line (useful if you have to repeat the process or script it and deploy to multiple hosts) or for single hosts via an Archiver tool:

1. Using split command Git for Windows (Bash) MINGW64 shell

Download Git for Windows – https://git-scm.com/download install it and you will get the MINGW64 bash for Windows executable.

Run it either invoke bash command from command line or trigger Windows Run command prompt (Windows button + R) and type full path to executable

C:\Program Files\Git\git-bash.exe

Git-for-Windows-bash-for-windows-MINGW64-windows-11-screenshot

Use the integrated program split and to cut it into pieces use:

# split MyVeryLargeFileVM.vdi -b 800m

To split the .VDI virtualbox file to lets say 5 Gigabite pieces:

# split MyVeryLargeFile.vdi -b 5g

The output files will be named pieces will be named as in a normal UNIX / GNU split command in the format and each piece of 5GB will be named like:

xaa
xab
xac
xad

If you want to get a more meaningful name for the spilitted files you can set a generated split file prefix with suffixes to be 5 digits long:

# split MyVeryLargeFile.vdi MyVeryLargeFileVM-parts_ -b 5g -d -a 5

the -d flag for using numerical suffixes (instead of default aa, ab, ac, etc…),
and the option -a 5 to tell it I want the suffixes to be 5 digits long:

2. Split large files by Archiving them with Winrar (ShareWare) tool

If you have already Winrar installed and you don't want to bother with too much typing from the command line, You can use good old WinRAR as a file splitter/joiner as well.

To split a file into smaller files, select "Store" as the compression method and enter the desired value (bytes) into "Split to volumes" box.
This way you can have split files named as filename.part1.rar, filename.part2.rar, etc.

WinRAR_cut-split-large-files-into-pieces-screenshot-Windows

3. Split files with 7-Zip (FreeWare)

Assuming you have the 7-Zip installed on the PC, you can do the archiving of the Big file to a smaller pieces one, you can create the splitted file from 7Zip interfaces menus:

Or directly cut the single file into multiple volumes, directly from Windows Explorer by Selecting the file and using fall down menus :

Sum it up what learned ?

What we learned is how to cut large files into multiple single consequential ones for easy copy between Network sides, via both Git 4 Windows and manual copy paste of parted multiple files to OneDrive / DropBox / pCloud or Google Drive.
There is a plenty of other approaches to take as there is also file GUI tools, besides using GNU Win / Gnu Tools for Windows or Cygwin / Gsplit GUI tool or some kind of the many Archiver toolsavailable for Windows, another option to split the large files is to use a bunch of PowerShell and Batch scripts written that can help you do the file split for both binaries files or Text files. but i'll stop here as I believe that is pretty much enough for most basic needs.

Tags: AA, about, administrator, amount, and, another, Azure Cloud, case, Cloud Onedrive, configured, copy, due, file, How to, interesting, migrate, simply, thing, unable, Virtualbox Virtual Machines
Posted in Everyday Life, System Administration, Windows | No Comments »